The mechanism by which water moves from a body
compartment of lower solute concentration to one of higher solute concentration
is known as: osmosis
Examples of variables that are under homeostatic
control in animals are: body temperature, pH of body fluids, sodium
and potassium levels
Tissues
are clusters of specialized cells of a single given type.
Rank the following components of an organism in
order of increasing complexity. Cell; Tissue; Organ Organ system
Which of the following are connective tissues? Bone,
adipose tissue, blood, cartilage
Intracellular and interstitial fluids are separated
by cell membranes; interstitial fluid and plasma are separated by blood
vessel wall.
The gonads and the structures associated with them
are part of the reproductive system
Match each epithelial cell type with its shape
description.
·
Squamous: flattened
·
Columnar: elongated
·
Cuboidal: square
Muscle tissue consists of specialized cells designed
to perform which of the following functions? Contract
Lungs and gills are part of the respiratory
system in animals.
Adipose tissue and cartilage are examples of which
of the following types of tissue? Connective
The movement of solutes from one body compartment to
another is mediated by transport proteins in the processes of: facilitated
diffusion, active transport
Which of the following belong to the immune and
lymphatic system? Lymphatic vessels, spleen, bone marrow
Order the following events in a homeostatic response
to temperature variation from first to last.
1. Decrease
in body temperature occurs in response to ambient temperature
2. Temperature
sensitive neurons sense the change in body temperature
3. The
brain compares input from the sensor to the set point
4. Skeletal
muscle responds to the homeostatic challenge by shivering
A single nerve cell is called a neuron
The extracellular matrix is composed of: adhesive
proteins, fiber-like proteins
Most of the water in an animal’s body is intracellular
In a homeostatic control system, the integrating
center compares the signal from the sensor to the set point.
Match each organ system with its function:
·
Respiratory system: exchange of gases
with the environment
·
Circulatory system: transport of
nutrients, gases, and waste
·
Urinary system: regulation of the
concentration of body fluids
·
Digestive system: breaking complex foods
into smaller units
·
Immune and lymphatic systems: defense
against pathogens
In general, positive feedback does not
contribute to homeostasis because the result is magnification, rather than
minimization, of fluctuations in physiological variables.
The tissues that anchor and support the structures
of an animal’s body are connective tissues
In feedforward regulation, an animal’s body
begins to prepare for a change in a physiological variable before the change
even occurs.
Which structures belong to the nervous system? Brain,
spinal cord, sense organs
When a physiological variable strays outside of its
normal range, compensatory mechanism or negative feedback can
restore the variable to normal levels.
The passive movement of a solute down its
concentration gradient without the aid of transport proteins or ATP hydrolysis
is simple diffusion.
Regulating requires more energy expenditure
than conforming.
Which of the following are characteristics of
neurons?
·
Each single neuron may connect two or
more other neurons.
·
Neurons initiate and conduct electrical
signals from one part of the animal’s body to the other.
Interstitial fluid is: found outside of cells
Which of the following are components of a
homeostatic control system? Sensor, integrator, effector, set point
Match the cellular communication signal type with
its descriptor.
·
Produced and released from neurons;
exert a localized effect: neurotransmitters
·
Produced and released from glands; often
exert a long-distance effect: hormones
·
Diffuse from cell to cell:
neurotransmitters
·
Travel via blood circulation: hormones
Which tissue type initiates and conducts electrical
signals throughout the animal’s body? Nerve
Within an organ, individual tissue types are
arranged in physical patterns such as sheets, tubes, layers, or strips.
Ultimately, homeostatic processes rely directly upon
cellular communication.
Movement of water between body compartments depends
upon: osmosis; pressure difference between compartments.
In paracrine signaling, molecules that are
released into the interstitial fluid act on cells in the immediate surrounding
area.
Which of the following are types of extracellular
fluid? Plasma; interstitial fluid
Contraction of smooth muscle moves the
contents of the tube it surrounds.
Which structures belong to the excretory system?
Kidney, urinary bladder
The flexibility of cartilage due to the lack of
mineralization provides cushioning.
The structure of an animal’s tissues and organs can
often help us predict their functions.
The fluid portion of blood is called: plasma
Match the tissue type with its appropriate function.
·
Muscle: cells contract and generate
force
·
Nervous: ells initiate and conduct
electrical signals
·
Epithelia: cells protect the structures
that they line
·
Connective: cells surround, anchor,
connect, and support body structures
Which of the following are functions of the
mechanical forces exerted by muscle tissue? Produce body movement; Exert
pressure on a fluid-filled cavity; Decrease the diameter of a tube
An organ is composed of two or more different
types of tissues.
A feedback loop in which a change in the
physiological variable being regulated brings about responses that move that
variable in the opposite direction is a negative feedback loop.
Which of the following are types of muscle tissue?
Cardiac, smooth, skeletal
The tissue lining the inner surface of the lungs and
esophagus would be classified as epithelial tissue.
Intra- and extracellular fluids are examples of
fluid compartment within the animal body.
Match the muscle type with its appropriate
characteristics.
·
Skeletal: provides the force for
locomotion
·
Cardiac: provides the force to circulate
the blood through the body
·
Smooth: surrounds hollow tubes and cavities
inside the body
Organize the tissue layers of the stomach from the
lumen (interior) outward.
1. Simple
columnar epithelium
2. Nervous
tissue
3. Smooth
muscle
4. Connective
tissue
5. Simple
squamous epithelium
The mechanical forces exerted by muscle
tissue serve to produce body movement, decrease the diameter of a tube, or
exert pressure on a fluid-filled cavity.
A chemical messenger that, when secreted from a
gland into the blood, acts on distant receptors specific to that compound is
called a hormone.
Tendons and ligaments are part of the
muscular-skeletal system.
A connective tissue composed of collagen and
mineralized with calcium salts is called bone.
The cells of adipose tissue are filled with
fat.
Which structures belong to the respiratory system?
Lungs, trachea
Match each homeostatic feature with its description.
·
Negative feedback loop: a change in the
variable being regulated brings about responses that move the variables in the
opposite direction
·
Positive feedback loop: a change in the
variable being regulated brings about responses that move the variable further
in the same direction.
·
Feedforward regulation: the animal’s
body begins preparing for change in some physiological variable before the
change even occurs.
Contraction of skeletal muscle produce movements
typically involved with: locomotion
Long distance cellular communication in homeostasis
is accomplished via the release of chemical messenger molecules called hormones.
Glands, organs, and tissues that secrete chemical signals
that regulate other organs belong to the endocrine system.
The ratio between a structure’s surface area and the
volume in which the structure is contained is called the surface area to
volume ratio
Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a
relatively stable internal environment despite changes in the external
environment.
Maintenance of homeostasis within an organism means
that the physiological variables such as glucose levels, and blood pH are maintained
within a narrow range.
Match each epithelial tissue type with its
characteristics.
·
Simple: a single layer of cells
·
Stratified: several layers of cells
·
Pseudostratified: a single layer of
cells with staggered nuclei that make it appear like more than one layer.
Because epithelial cells form boundaries and
function as selective barriers between different body compartments, they can regulate
the exchange of molecules between the compartments.
Skeletal
muscles are attached to bones in vertebrates.
The process of simple diffusion: requires neither a
transport protein nor ATP hydrolysis.
The water outside of an animal’s cells is referred
to as extracellular fluid.
Which of the following are composed of dense
connective tissue? Tendons, ligaments
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