Drug Names and Classes
- A drug's name begins with a chemical name
- Marketed drugs under patent protection have one nonproprietary or generic name and one proprietary or brand name
- The United States Adopted Names Council (USAN) designates the official nonproprietary names for drugs
Classification Schemes
- There are various systems for classifying drugs: by disorder, body system affected, type of receptor acted on, type of action, etc
Analgesics
- Analgesic drugs create a state in which the pain from a painful medical condition is reduced or not felt
- Common types of analgesics include salicylates, acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory, and opiate type
Anesthetic Agents
- Anesthetics cause an absence of sensation or pain
- Anesthetics are classified as local or general
- Local anesthetics block pain conduction without causing a loss of consciousness
- General anesthetics are administered by inhalation or intravenously by an anesthesiologist and depress the central nervous system to the level of unconsciousness
Anti-infectives
- Anti-infectives treat diseases produced by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and parasitic worms
Antineoplastics
- Antineoplastics inhibit new growth of cancer cells
- Side effects caused by many antineoplastic agents are often uncomfortable and serious
- Pharmacists and pharmacy technicians must be very careful with all calculations associated with drugs that are used to treat cancer
Cardiovascular Agents
- Cardiovascular agents include antianginals, antiarrhythmics, antihypertensives, vasopressors, antihyperlipidemics, thrombolytics, and anticoagulants
Dermatologicals
- The skin is the body's protective barrier and is the largest organ of the body
- Dermatologicals are drugs used to treat diseases or conditions related to the skin
Electrolytic Agents
- Electrolytes are water soluble substances that are contained in our body fluids as salts
- Electrolyte balance is important for healthy body function
Gastrointestinal and Urinary Tract Agents
- Gastrointestinal agents are used to treat disorders of the stomach and/or intestines
- Urinary agents are used to treat conditions affecting the flow of urine
Hematological Agents
- Each stage in the formation of blood clots can be affected by intrinsic clotting factors and drugs
- Hematopoietics are drugs that treat various forms of anemias
- Hemostatic drugs are used to treat or prevent excessive bleeding
Hormones and Modifiers
- Hormones are secreted by glands of the endocrine system
- The pancreas secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon. Insulin and glucagon are involved in regulating serum glucose.
Immunobiologic Agents and Vaccines
- Immune globulins provide passive immunity
- Vaccines provide active immunity
- Immune globulins provide a shorter period of protection than vaccines
Musculoskeletal Agents
- Musculoskeletal agents are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gout, osteoporosis, and muscle spams
Neurological Agents
- Several common disorders are affected by abnormalities in neurotransmitter release and/or response and include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, migraine headaches, multiple sclerosis, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Ophthalmic and Otic Agents
- Ophthalmic agents are used to treat conditions such as glaucoma, eye infection, eye pain, and inflammation. They are also used for eye examinations and in preparation for surgery.
- Otic agents are used to treat conditions including accumulation of earwax and infections of the outer ear
Psychotropic Agents
- Psychotropic agents are used to treat conditions such as bipolar disorder, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and drug abuse
Respiratory Agents
- Common respiratory disorders include asthma, allergy, emphysema, croup, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pneumonia
Sunday, March 29, 2020
PTCB - Chapter 18 - Common Drugs and Their Uses - Definitions
STEM ------- DRUG CLASS
-alol combined alpha and beta blockers (used for high BP)
-andr- androgens
-anserin serotonin 5-HT2 receptor antagonist
-arabine antineoplastics (anticancer drugs)
-ase enzymes
-azepam antianxiety agents (diazepam type)
-azosin antihypertensive (prazosin type)
-bactam beta-lactamase inhibitors (penicillin and antibiotic)
-bamate tranquilizers/antiepileptic
-barb barbituric acid derivatives
-butazone anti-inflammatory analgesics (phenylbutazone type)
-caine local anesthetic
-cef cephalosporins (antibiotic)
-cillin penicillins
-conazole antifungals (miconazole type)
-cort- cortisone derivatives (anti inflammatory)
-curium neuromuscular blocking agent
-cycline antibiotics (tetracycline)
-dralazine antihypertensives (hydrazinephthalazines)
-erg- ergot alkaloid derivatives
estr- estrogens
-fibrate antihyperlipidemics
-flurane inhalation anesthetics
-gest- progestins
-irudin anticoagulants (hirudin tyoe)
-leukin interleukin-2 derivative
-lukast leukotriene antagonist
-mab monoclonal antibodies
-mantadine antivirals
-monam monobactam antibiotics
-mustine antineoplastics
-mycin antibiotic
-olol beta-blockers
-olone steroids
-oxacin antibiotics (quinolone derivatives)
-pamide diuretics (sulfamoylbenzoic acid derivative)
-pamil coronary vasodilators
-parin heparin derivative
-peridol antipsychotics (haloperidol type)
-poetin erythropoietins
-pramine antidepressants (imipramine type)
-pred prednisone derivatives
-pril antihypertensives (ACE inhibitors)
-profen anti-inflammatory/analgesic agents (ibuprofen type)
-rubicin antineoplastic antibiotics (daunorubiein type)
-sartan angiotensin II receptor antagonist
-sertron serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist
-sulfa antibiotics (sulfonamide derivatives)
-terol bronchodilators
-thiazide diuretics (thiazide diuretics)
-tiazem calcium channel blockers (diltiazem derivatives)
-tocin oxytocin derivatives
-trexate antimetabolites (folic acid derivatives)
-triptyline antidepressants
-vastatin antihyperlipidemics (HMG-CoA inhibitors)
Homeostasis
- the state of equilibrium of the body
Neurotransmitter
- chemical released by nerves that interact with receptors to cause an effect
Blocker
- another term for antagonist drug, because antagonist block the action of neurotransmitters
Mimetic
- another term for an agonist, because agonists imitate, or "mimic", the action of the neurotransmitter
Type of Analgesics
- salicylates
- NSAIDs
- non-aspirin, non-NSAID
- opiates
Type of Anesthetic Agents
- local and general
Type of Anti-infectives
- antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals
- antimycobacterials, antiprotozoals, anthelmintics
Analgesic drugs create a state called analgesia.
Analgesia
- a state in which pain is not felt even though a painful condition exist.
Antipyretic
- reduces fever
Common Analgesic Drugs
TYPE ----------------------------- BRAND ------------------- GENERIC
Salicylates Bayer acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
Non-aspirin, non-NSAID Tylenol, Ofirmev acetaminophen
NSAID Motrin, Advil ibuprofen
NSAID Naprosyn naproxen
Opiates MS Contin morphine
Opiates Demerol meperidine
Salicylates
- relieves mild to moderate pain
- anti-inflammatory
- antipyretic
Acetaminophen (non-aspirin, non-NSAID)
- relieves mild to moderate pain
- antipyretic
NSAID (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug)
- more potent than salicylates
- relieve mild to moderate pain
- anti-inflammatory
- antipyretic
Opiate-type
- for severe pain
- addicting
Anesthetics cause an absence of sensation or pain.
Local anesthetics block pain conduction from peripheral nerves to the central nervous system (brain and stem) without causing a loss of consciousness.
General anesthetics depress the central nervous system to the level of unconsciousness
Common Local Anesthetic
TYPE ----------- BRAND ----------- GENERIC
Ester Novocain procaine
Ester n/a tetracaine
Amide Xylocaine lidocaine
Amide Marcaine bupivacaine
Other Sucrets dyclonine
* Cocaine first recognized local anesthetic. Schedule II.
Common General Anesthetics
TYPE ----------- BRAND ---------- GENERIC
inhalation Forane isoflurane
inhalation Ultane sevoflurane
inhalation Suprane desflurane
IV Diprivan propofol
IV Valium diazepam
IV Amidate etomidate
Four Stages of General Anesthesia
Stage 1 - Analgesia
-- euphoria with loss of pain and consciousness
Stage 2 - Excitement
-- increase in sympathetic nervous system effects such as blood pressure, heart and respiratory rate
Stage 3 - Surgical Anesthesia
-- the stage of anesthesia in which surgery can be safely conducted
Stage 4 - Medullary Paralysis
-- an overdose of anesthesia that paralyzes the respiratory and heart centers of the medulla, leading to death
Anti-infectives treat disease produced by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and parasitic worms.
Other forms of anti-infectives include:
- antimycobacterials (agents that treat tuberculosis, leprosy, and the MAC complex in AIDS)
- antiprotozoals (agents that treat malaria, vaginitis, and sleeping sickness)
- anthelmintics (agents that treat parasitic worms in the GI tract)
Types of antibiotic action
- damage bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins)
- modify protein synthesis (erythromycin and tetracycline)
- modify energy metabolism (sulfonamides)
- modify DNA synthesis (ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin)
Classes of Anti-infectives
- antibiotics (antimicrobials)
>>> suppress growth of other microorganisms
>>> Alexander Fleming, penicillin
>>> can either be bacteriostatic (inhibit bacterial growth or bactericidal (bacteria killing)
- antivirals
>>> inhibit the replication of viruses
>>> protease inhibitors - an antiviral used for HIV and hepatitis C that blocks the enzyme responsible for viral replication
- antifungals
>>> treat fungal infections
>>> fungal cell is destroyed as the drug prevents cell permeability and nutrition
Antineoplastics inhibit the new growth of cancer cells or neoplasms.
Neoplasm
- a new and abnormal tissue growth, often referring to cancer cells
Malignancy means a life threatening, cancerous group of cells or tumor is present.
Metastasis - when cancer cells spread beyond their original site.
Remission - a state in which cancer cells are inactive
Lymphocyte
- a type of white blood cells that helps the body defend against bacteria and diseased cells
Class of Antineoplastics
- Antimetabolites
>>> inhibit cell growth and replication by mimicking natural metabolites and taking their place within the cells. Fake metabolites inhibit the synthesis of important cellular enzymes, including DNA
- Alkylating agents
>>> interfere with mitosis or cell division by binding with DNA and preventing cellular replication
- Plant Alkaloids
>>> derived from natural products or semisynthetically produced using natural products, some of these drugs inhibit the enzyme topoisomerase
>>> Topoisomerase is required for molecular cell growth or mitosis and therefore certain plants alkaloids interfere with cellular DNA replication
- Hormones
>>> hormone therapy can be used to treat certain cancers that require hormones to grow. Hormone therapy works by preventing cancer cells from using the hormones they need to grow
- Antitumor Antibiotics
>>> drugs that interact directly with cancer cells to prevent the DNA from functioning normally
- Radioactive Isotopes
>>> used to kill cancer cells in a targeted area
Same Common Antineoplastics
TYPE ------------------------------------------ BRAND ---------------- GENERIC
Antimetabolite n/a fluorouracil
Antimetabolite Rheumatrex methotrexate
Alkylating agent/nitrogen mustard Mustargen mechlorethamine
Alkylating agent/nitrosurea BiCNU carmustine
Plant alkaloid n/a vincristine
Plant alkaloid n/a vinblastine
Cardiovascular agents include antianginals, antiarrhythmics, antihypertensives, vasopressors, antihyperlipidemics, thrombolytics, and anticoagulants
Arrhythmia
- an abnormal heart rhythm
Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)
- a graph of the heart's rhythms
Cardiac cycle
- the contraction and relaxation of the heart that pumps blood through the cardiovascular system
Myocardium
- heart muscle
Thrombus
- a blood clot
Embolism, Embolus
- a clot that has traveled in the bloodstream to a point where it obstructs flow; blood clot
Systolic Pressure
- the maximum blood pressure when the heart contracts; the first number in a blood pressure reading
Diastolic Pressure
- the minimum blood pressure when the heart relaxes; the second number in a blood pressure reading
Classes of Cardiovascular Agents by mechanism of action
- beta blockers
>>> reduce the oxygen demands of the heart muscle
>>> used to treat high blood pressure or arrhythmias
- calcium channel blockers
>>> relax the heart by reducing heart conduction
>>> used to treat high blood pressure or arrhythmias
- diuretics
>>> decrease blood pressure by decreasing blood volume
>>> decrease volume by increasing the elimination of salts and water through urination
- ACE inhibitors
>>> "-pril" drugs, ace inhibitors relax the blood vessels
- vasodilators
>>> relax and expand the blood vessels
Some Common Cardiovascular Drugs by Mechanism of Action
TYPE ------------------------------ BRAND ------------------- GENERIC
beta blocker n/a propranolol
beta blocker tenormin atenolol
beta blocker corgard nadolol
beta blocker Lopressor metoprolol
calcium channel blocker calan verapamil
calcium channel blocker Norvasc amlodipine
calcium channel blocker Procardia nifedipine
calcium channel blocker Cardizem diltiazem
diuretics Lasix furosemide
diuretics microzide hydrochlorothiazide
diuretics Aldactone spironolactone
ACE inhibitor capoten captopril
ACE inhibitor Vasotec enalapril
ACE inhibitor Zestril lisinopril
vasodilator n/a hydralazine
Dermatologicals refers to a drug used to treat a condition or disease related to the skin
Integumentary system
- the body covering, ie, skin, hair, and nails
Electrolytes are water soluble substances that conduct an electric current as salts
Immune Globulins
- Pathogens for which animal antibodies may be used for immune globulins:
>>> Diphtheria (using Antitoxin, USP)
>>> Rabies (using Antirabies serum)
>>> Botulism
>>> Black Widow Spider Venom
- Human antibodies are used in immune globulins in the treat of:
>>> measles
>>> pertussis
>>> mumps
>>> tetanus
>>> hepatitis A and B
Rheumatoid arthritis
- a disease in which the body's immune system attacks joint tissue
Gout
- a painful inflammatory condition in which excess uric acid accumulates in the joints
Uricosuric drugs
- drugs used to treat gout that increase the elimination of uric acid
Osteoarthritis
- a disorder characterized by weight bearing bone deterioration, decreasing rate of motion and causing pain and deformity
-alol combined alpha and beta blockers (used for high BP)
-andr- androgens
-anserin serotonin 5-HT2 receptor antagonist
-arabine antineoplastics (anticancer drugs)
-ase enzymes
-azepam antianxiety agents (diazepam type)
-azosin antihypertensive (prazosin type)
-bactam beta-lactamase inhibitors (penicillin and antibiotic)
-bamate tranquilizers/antiepileptic
-barb barbituric acid derivatives
-butazone anti-inflammatory analgesics (phenylbutazone type)
-caine local anesthetic
-cef cephalosporins (antibiotic)
-cillin penicillins
-conazole antifungals (miconazole type)
-cort- cortisone derivatives (anti inflammatory)
-curium neuromuscular blocking agent
-cycline antibiotics (tetracycline)
-dralazine antihypertensives (hydrazinephthalazines)
-erg- ergot alkaloid derivatives
estr- estrogens
-fibrate antihyperlipidemics
-flurane inhalation anesthetics
-gest- progestins
-irudin anticoagulants (hirudin tyoe)
-leukin interleukin-2 derivative
-lukast leukotriene antagonist
-mab monoclonal antibodies
-mantadine antivirals
-monam monobactam antibiotics
-mustine antineoplastics
-mycin antibiotic
-olol beta-blockers
-olone steroids
-oxacin antibiotics (quinolone derivatives)
-pamide diuretics (sulfamoylbenzoic acid derivative)
-pamil coronary vasodilators
-parin heparin derivative
-peridol antipsychotics (haloperidol type)
-poetin erythropoietins
-pramine antidepressants (imipramine type)
-pred prednisone derivatives
-pril antihypertensives (ACE inhibitors)
-profen anti-inflammatory/analgesic agents (ibuprofen type)
-rubicin antineoplastic antibiotics (daunorubiein type)
-sartan angiotensin II receptor antagonist
-sertron serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist
-sulfa antibiotics (sulfonamide derivatives)
-terol bronchodilators
-thiazide diuretics (thiazide diuretics)
-tiazem calcium channel blockers (diltiazem derivatives)
-tocin oxytocin derivatives
-trexate antimetabolites (folic acid derivatives)
-triptyline antidepressants
-vastatin antihyperlipidemics (HMG-CoA inhibitors)
Homeostasis
- the state of equilibrium of the body
Neurotransmitter
- chemical released by nerves that interact with receptors to cause an effect
Blocker
- another term for antagonist drug, because antagonist block the action of neurotransmitters
Mimetic
- another term for an agonist, because agonists imitate, or "mimic", the action of the neurotransmitter
Type of Analgesics
- salicylates
- NSAIDs
- non-aspirin, non-NSAID
- opiates
Type of Anesthetic Agents
- local and general
Type of Anti-infectives
- antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals
- antimycobacterials, antiprotozoals, anthelmintics
Analgesic drugs create a state called analgesia.
Analgesia
- a state in which pain is not felt even though a painful condition exist.
Antipyretic
- reduces fever
Common Analgesic Drugs
TYPE ----------------------------- BRAND ------------------- GENERIC
Salicylates Bayer acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
Non-aspirin, non-NSAID Tylenol, Ofirmev acetaminophen
NSAID Motrin, Advil ibuprofen
NSAID Naprosyn naproxen
Opiates MS Contin morphine
Opiates Demerol meperidine
Salicylates
- relieves mild to moderate pain
- anti-inflammatory
- antipyretic
Acetaminophen (non-aspirin, non-NSAID)
- relieves mild to moderate pain
- antipyretic
NSAID (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug)
- more potent than salicylates
- relieve mild to moderate pain
- anti-inflammatory
- antipyretic
Opiate-type
- for severe pain
- addicting
Anesthetics cause an absence of sensation or pain.
Local anesthetics block pain conduction from peripheral nerves to the central nervous system (brain and stem) without causing a loss of consciousness.
General anesthetics depress the central nervous system to the level of unconsciousness
Common Local Anesthetic
TYPE ----------- BRAND ----------- GENERIC
Ester Novocain procaine
Ester n/a tetracaine
Amide Xylocaine lidocaine
Amide Marcaine bupivacaine
Other Sucrets dyclonine
* Cocaine first recognized local anesthetic. Schedule II.
Common General Anesthetics
TYPE ----------- BRAND ---------- GENERIC
inhalation Forane isoflurane
inhalation Ultane sevoflurane
inhalation Suprane desflurane
IV Diprivan propofol
IV Valium diazepam
IV Amidate etomidate
Four Stages of General Anesthesia
Stage 1 - Analgesia
-- euphoria with loss of pain and consciousness
Stage 2 - Excitement
-- increase in sympathetic nervous system effects such as blood pressure, heart and respiratory rate
Stage 3 - Surgical Anesthesia
-- the stage of anesthesia in which surgery can be safely conducted
Stage 4 - Medullary Paralysis
-- an overdose of anesthesia that paralyzes the respiratory and heart centers of the medulla, leading to death
Anti-infectives treat disease produced by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and parasitic worms.
Other forms of anti-infectives include:
- antimycobacterials (agents that treat tuberculosis, leprosy, and the MAC complex in AIDS)
- antiprotozoals (agents that treat malaria, vaginitis, and sleeping sickness)
- anthelmintics (agents that treat parasitic worms in the GI tract)
Types of antibiotic action
- damage bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins)
- modify protein synthesis (erythromycin and tetracycline)
- modify energy metabolism (sulfonamides)
- modify DNA synthesis (ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin)
Classes of Anti-infectives
- antibiotics (antimicrobials)
>>> suppress growth of other microorganisms
>>> Alexander Fleming, penicillin
>>> can either be bacteriostatic (inhibit bacterial growth or bactericidal (bacteria killing)
- antivirals
>>> inhibit the replication of viruses
>>> protease inhibitors - an antiviral used for HIV and hepatitis C that blocks the enzyme responsible for viral replication
- antifungals
>>> treat fungal infections
>>> fungal cell is destroyed as the drug prevents cell permeability and nutrition
Antineoplastics inhibit the new growth of cancer cells or neoplasms.
Neoplasm
- a new and abnormal tissue growth, often referring to cancer cells
Malignancy means a life threatening, cancerous group of cells or tumor is present.
Metastasis - when cancer cells spread beyond their original site.
Remission - a state in which cancer cells are inactive
Lymphocyte
- a type of white blood cells that helps the body defend against bacteria and diseased cells
Class of Antineoplastics
- Antimetabolites
>>> inhibit cell growth and replication by mimicking natural metabolites and taking their place within the cells. Fake metabolites inhibit the synthesis of important cellular enzymes, including DNA
- Alkylating agents
>>> interfere with mitosis or cell division by binding with DNA and preventing cellular replication
- Plant Alkaloids
>>> derived from natural products or semisynthetically produced using natural products, some of these drugs inhibit the enzyme topoisomerase
>>> Topoisomerase is required for molecular cell growth or mitosis and therefore certain plants alkaloids interfere with cellular DNA replication
- Hormones
>>> hormone therapy can be used to treat certain cancers that require hormones to grow. Hormone therapy works by preventing cancer cells from using the hormones they need to grow
- Antitumor Antibiotics
>>> drugs that interact directly with cancer cells to prevent the DNA from functioning normally
- Radioactive Isotopes
>>> used to kill cancer cells in a targeted area
Same Common Antineoplastics
TYPE ------------------------------------------ BRAND ---------------- GENERIC
Antimetabolite n/a fluorouracil
Antimetabolite Rheumatrex methotrexate
Alkylating agent/nitrogen mustard Mustargen mechlorethamine
Alkylating agent/nitrosurea BiCNU carmustine
Plant alkaloid n/a vincristine
Plant alkaloid n/a vinblastine
Cardiovascular agents include antianginals, antiarrhythmics, antihypertensives, vasopressors, antihyperlipidemics, thrombolytics, and anticoagulants
Arrhythmia
- an abnormal heart rhythm
Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)
- a graph of the heart's rhythms
Cardiac cycle
- the contraction and relaxation of the heart that pumps blood through the cardiovascular system
Myocardium
- heart muscle
Thrombus
- a blood clot
Embolism, Embolus
- a clot that has traveled in the bloodstream to a point where it obstructs flow; blood clot
Systolic Pressure
- the maximum blood pressure when the heart contracts; the first number in a blood pressure reading
Diastolic Pressure
- the minimum blood pressure when the heart relaxes; the second number in a blood pressure reading
Classes of Cardiovascular Agents by mechanism of action
- beta blockers
>>> reduce the oxygen demands of the heart muscle
>>> used to treat high blood pressure or arrhythmias
- calcium channel blockers
>>> relax the heart by reducing heart conduction
>>> used to treat high blood pressure or arrhythmias
- diuretics
>>> decrease blood pressure by decreasing blood volume
>>> decrease volume by increasing the elimination of salts and water through urination
- ACE inhibitors
>>> "-pril" drugs, ace inhibitors relax the blood vessels
- vasodilators
>>> relax and expand the blood vessels
Some Common Cardiovascular Drugs by Mechanism of Action
TYPE ------------------------------ BRAND ------------------- GENERIC
beta blocker n/a propranolol
beta blocker tenormin atenolol
beta blocker corgard nadolol
beta blocker Lopressor metoprolol
calcium channel blocker calan verapamil
calcium channel blocker Norvasc amlodipine
calcium channel blocker Procardia nifedipine
calcium channel blocker Cardizem diltiazem
diuretics Lasix furosemide
diuretics microzide hydrochlorothiazide
diuretics Aldactone spironolactone
ACE inhibitor capoten captopril
ACE inhibitor Vasotec enalapril
ACE inhibitor Zestril lisinopril
vasodilator n/a hydralazine
Dermatologicals refers to a drug used to treat a condition or disease related to the skin
Integumentary system
- the body covering, ie, skin, hair, and nails
Electrolytes are water soluble substances that conduct an electric current as salts
Immune Globulins
- Pathogens for which animal antibodies may be used for immune globulins:
>>> Diphtheria (using Antitoxin, USP)
>>> Rabies (using Antirabies serum)
>>> Botulism
>>> Black Widow Spider Venom
- Human antibodies are used in immune globulins in the treat of:
>>> measles
>>> pertussis
>>> mumps
>>> tetanus
>>> hepatitis A and B
Rheumatoid arthritis
- a disease in which the body's immune system attacks joint tissue
Gout
- a painful inflammatory condition in which excess uric acid accumulates in the joints
Uricosuric drugs
- drugs used to treat gout that increase the elimination of uric acid
Osteoarthritis
- a disorder characterized by weight bearing bone deterioration, decreasing rate of motion and causing pain and deformity
PTCB - Chapter 17 - Other Environments - Key Concepts
Mail Order Pharmacy
- Mail order pharmacy is used for maintenance therapy for such chronic conditions as depression, gastrointestinal disorders, heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes.
- Mail order pharmacies must follow federal and state requirements in processing prescriptions, but are not necessarily licensed in each state to which they send medications.
- Mail order pharmacies are generally large scale operations that are highly automated.
- Pharmacists review mail order prescriptions before and after filling.
Long Term Care
- Because of limited resources, most long term care facilities contract out dispensing and clinical pharmacy services.
Home Infusion
- Home care is supervised by a registered nurse who works with a physician, pharmacist, and others to administer a care plan that involves the patient or another caregiver.
- The fastest growing area of home health care is home infusion.
- Infusion pumps are available for specific therapies or multiple therapies, and include ambulatory pumps that can be worn by patients.
- In home infusion, the patient or caregiver is educated about the therapy: how to self administer, monitor, report problems, and so on.
- The primary therapies provided by home infusion services are: antibiotic therapy, parenteral nutrition, pain management, and chemotherapy.
- The same rules apply to preparing parenteral admixtures in the home setting as in the hospital.
Nuclear Pharmacy
- Nuclear pharmacies prepare radiopharmaceuticals that are used for diagnosis and treatment of disease.
- Nuclear pharmacies are typically located for easy access to hospitals and clinics where diagnostic testing is performed.
- Radiation safety is regulated on the federal level by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the Department of Transportation (DOT).
- Mail order pharmacy is used for maintenance therapy for such chronic conditions as depression, gastrointestinal disorders, heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes.
- Mail order pharmacies must follow federal and state requirements in processing prescriptions, but are not necessarily licensed in each state to which they send medications.
- Mail order pharmacies are generally large scale operations that are highly automated.
- Pharmacists review mail order prescriptions before and after filling.
Long Term Care
- Because of limited resources, most long term care facilities contract out dispensing and clinical pharmacy services.
Home Infusion
- Home care is supervised by a registered nurse who works with a physician, pharmacist, and others to administer a care plan that involves the patient or another caregiver.
- The fastest growing area of home health care is home infusion.
- Infusion pumps are available for specific therapies or multiple therapies, and include ambulatory pumps that can be worn by patients.
- In home infusion, the patient or caregiver is educated about the therapy: how to self administer, monitor, report problems, and so on.
- The primary therapies provided by home infusion services are: antibiotic therapy, parenteral nutrition, pain management, and chemotherapy.
- The same rules apply to preparing parenteral admixtures in the home setting as in the hospital.
Nuclear Pharmacy
- Nuclear pharmacies prepare radiopharmaceuticals that are used for diagnosis and treatment of disease.
- Nuclear pharmacies are typically located for easy access to hospitals and clinics where diagnostic testing is performed.
- Radiation safety is regulated on the federal level by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the Department of Transportation (DOT).
PTCB - Chapter 17 - Other Environments - Definitions
Chronic condition
- a continuing condition that requires ongoing treatment for a prolonged period
Maintenance medication
- a medication that is required on a continuing basis for the treatment of a chronic condition
Acute condition
- a sudden condition requiring immediate treatment
Distributive pharmacist
- make sure long term care patients receive the correct medications order
Consultant pharmacist
- develops and maintains an individual pharmaceutical plan for each long term care patient
Automated dispensing system
- a system in which medications are dispensed from an automated unit at the point of use upon confirmation of an order communicated by computer from a central system
Home care agencies
- home nursing care business that provide a range of health care services, including infusion
- a continuing condition that requires ongoing treatment for a prolonged period
Maintenance medication
- a medication that is required on a continuing basis for the treatment of a chronic condition
Acute condition
- a sudden condition requiring immediate treatment
Distributive pharmacist
- make sure long term care patients receive the correct medications order
Consultant pharmacist
- develops and maintains an individual pharmaceutical plan for each long term care patient
Automated dispensing system
- a system in which medications are dispensed from an automated unit at the point of use upon confirmation of an order communicated by computer from a central system
Home care agencies
- home nursing care business that provide a range of health care services, including infusion
Saturday, March 28, 2020
PTCB - Chapter 16 - Hospital Pharmacy - Key Concepts
Hospital Pharmacy
- Patient rooms are divided into groups called nursing units or patient care units; patients with similar problems are often located on the same unit.
Hospital Technician Roles
- Hospital pharmacy technicians have many roles and responsibilities and are often cross trained to work in different areas of the pharmacy.
Hospital Pharmacy Areas
- The inpatient pharmacy is responsible for medication preparation and distribution.
Hospital Formulary
- Since hospitals cannot stock every medication available, most have a hospital formulary, which is a list of medications the pharmacy keeps on its shelves and from which doctors can order.
Communications and Computer Systems
- There are several ways the pharmacy communicates with other areas of the hospital, including telephones, fax machines, computerized printouts, pneumatic tubes, and in person.
Medical Records
- Medical records are detailed chronological accounts of a patient's medical history and care received. The medical record may be in the form of a paper chart or electronic system.
Medication Orders
- In the hospital, all drugs ordered for a patient are written on a medication order form or are electronically entered through a computerized physician order entry (CPOE) system.
Order Processing
- When preparing a medication, the technician must pay close attention to the drug name, dosage form, concentration or strength, quantity, and expiration date; and for IV's, solution and volume.
Inventory Control
- To assist in the process of ordering inventory, par levels are assigned to each drug. Par is the quantity of drug that should be kept on the pharmacy shelf or in automated dispensing systems.
Organization of Medications
- In hospital pharmacies, medications are organized in alphabetical order using generic names.
Unit Dose System
- In the hospital, medications are often packed in individual packets that contain the amount of medication needed for each individual dose, unit dose.
Sterile Products
- Technicians may be responsible for preparing small and large volume parenteral, parenteral nutrition therapy, and chemotherapy.
General Hospital Issues
- Needles or other items that may cut or puncture the skin should always be thrown away in designated sharps containers.
Hospital Pharmacy Calculations
- Hospital pharmacy technicians perform many calculations on a daily basis, all of which are critically important to a patient's health and safety. Some examples include calculations for preparing small volume parenterals, calculations for timing medications, and flow rate calculation.
- Patient rooms are divided into groups called nursing units or patient care units; patients with similar problems are often located on the same unit.
Hospital Technician Roles
- Hospital pharmacy technicians have many roles and responsibilities and are often cross trained to work in different areas of the pharmacy.
Hospital Pharmacy Areas
- The inpatient pharmacy is responsible for medication preparation and distribution.
Hospital Formulary
- Since hospitals cannot stock every medication available, most have a hospital formulary, which is a list of medications the pharmacy keeps on its shelves and from which doctors can order.
Communications and Computer Systems
- There are several ways the pharmacy communicates with other areas of the hospital, including telephones, fax machines, computerized printouts, pneumatic tubes, and in person.
Medical Records
- Medical records are detailed chronological accounts of a patient's medical history and care received. The medical record may be in the form of a paper chart or electronic system.
Medication Orders
- In the hospital, all drugs ordered for a patient are written on a medication order form or are electronically entered through a computerized physician order entry (CPOE) system.
Order Processing
- When preparing a medication, the technician must pay close attention to the drug name, dosage form, concentration or strength, quantity, and expiration date; and for IV's, solution and volume.
Inventory Control
- To assist in the process of ordering inventory, par levels are assigned to each drug. Par is the quantity of drug that should be kept on the pharmacy shelf or in automated dispensing systems.
Organization of Medications
- In hospital pharmacies, medications are organized in alphabetical order using generic names.
Unit Dose System
- In the hospital, medications are often packed in individual packets that contain the amount of medication needed for each individual dose, unit dose.
Sterile Products
- Technicians may be responsible for preparing small and large volume parenteral, parenteral nutrition therapy, and chemotherapy.
General Hospital Issues
- Needles or other items that may cut or puncture the skin should always be thrown away in designated sharps containers.
Hospital Pharmacy Calculations
- Hospital pharmacy technicians perform many calculations on a daily basis, all of which are critically important to a patient's health and safety. Some examples include calculations for preparing small volume parenterals, calculations for timing medications, and flow rate calculation.
PTCB - Chapter 16 - Hospital Pharmacy - Definitions
Nurses' station
- work station for medical personnel located on a nursing unit
Inpatient pharmacy
- a pharmacy located in a hospital that services only those patients in the hospital and its ancillary areas
Pharmacy satellite
- a branch of the inpatient pharmacy responsible for preparing, dispensing, and monitoring medication for specific patient areas
Central Pharmacy
- the main inpatient pharmacy in a hospital that has pharmacy satellites
- it is the place where most of the hospital's medications are prepared and stored
Batching
- preparation of large quantities of unit dose oral solutions/suspensions or small volume parenteral for future use
Clean room
- area designed for the preparation of sterile products
Unit inspection
- a review of a nursing unit to ensure compliance with hospital medication policies
Outpatient Pharmacy
- a pharmacy attached to a hospital that services patients who have left the hospital or who are visiting doctors in a hospital outpatient clinic
Formulary
- a list of drugs stocked at the hospital that have been selected based on therapeutic factors as well as cost
Closed Formulary
- a type of formulary that requires physicians to order only those medications on the formulary list
Non-Formulary
- drugs not on the formulary list and not regularly stocked in the pharmacy
Therapeutic interchange
- a policy approved by the hospital P&T Committee that allows the pharmacist to change a medication order to a therapeutically equivalent formulary medication
Pneumatic tube
- a system that shuttles objects through a tube using compressed air as the force; commonly used in hospitals for delivery of medication
Electronic medical record (EMR) or electronic health record (EHR)
- a computerized patient medical record
CPOE
- a system in which the physician or agent of the physician enters directly into the hospitals computer system
Standing order
- a standard medication order for patients to receive medication at schedule intervals
PRN order
- an order for medication to be administered only on an as needed basis
STAT order
- an order for medication to be administered immediately
Medication administration record (MAR)
- a form that tracks the medications administered to a patient
Final filter
- a device used to remove particulate matter
- the filter should be placed at the end point of an IV line just before it enters a patient's vein
Drip rounds
- a process in which the pharmacy technician goes to specific nursing units to find out what IV drips will be needed later that day
Drug recall
- the voluntary or involuntary removal of a drug product by the manufacturer
- it usually only pertains to a particular shipment or lot number
Par
- the amount of drug product that should be kept on the pharmacy shelf
- each drug product may have a different par value
- par levels may also be assigned to drug products in automated dispensing cabinets
Emergency drug procurement
- to quickly obtain a medication not currently in stock in the pharmacy in situations where the drug is urgently needed
Extemporaneous compounds
- medications that must be prepared following a specific recipe or formula, usually because they are not available commercially
Bulk compounding log
- a record of medications that are compounded in the pharmacy for nonspecific patients
- information must include a list of all the ingredients, amounts used, manufacturer, lot numbers and expiration dates of each specific ingredient
Reconstitute
- addition of water or other diluent to commercially made drug bottles or vials in order to make a solution or suspension from a premade powder form of the drug
- include oral or parenteral drug
Unit dose
- a package containing the amount of a drug required for one dose
Automated dispensing system
- a system in which medications are dispensed from an automated unit at the point of use
IVPB (intravenous piggyback)
- a small volume parenteral that will be added into or "piggyback" into a large volume parenteral (LVP)
Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)
- protein, carbohydrates and essential nutrients to be given to the patient through an IV line
Epidural
- s sterile, preservative free medication administered into a patient's epidural space (located near the spinal cord and backbone)
Short stability
- medication that will expire soon after preparation (ie. within 1-6 hours after preparation)
Code Cart
- a locked cart of medications and other medical equipment designed for emergency use only
- work station for medical personnel located on a nursing unit
Inpatient pharmacy
- a pharmacy located in a hospital that services only those patients in the hospital and its ancillary areas
Pharmacy satellite
- a branch of the inpatient pharmacy responsible for preparing, dispensing, and monitoring medication for specific patient areas
Central Pharmacy
- the main inpatient pharmacy in a hospital that has pharmacy satellites
- it is the place where most of the hospital's medications are prepared and stored
Batching
- preparation of large quantities of unit dose oral solutions/suspensions or small volume parenteral for future use
Clean room
- area designed for the preparation of sterile products
Unit inspection
- a review of a nursing unit to ensure compliance with hospital medication policies
Outpatient Pharmacy
- a pharmacy attached to a hospital that services patients who have left the hospital or who are visiting doctors in a hospital outpatient clinic
Formulary
- a list of drugs stocked at the hospital that have been selected based on therapeutic factors as well as cost
Closed Formulary
- a type of formulary that requires physicians to order only those medications on the formulary list
Non-Formulary
- drugs not on the formulary list and not regularly stocked in the pharmacy
Therapeutic interchange
- a policy approved by the hospital P&T Committee that allows the pharmacist to change a medication order to a therapeutically equivalent formulary medication
Pneumatic tube
- a system that shuttles objects through a tube using compressed air as the force; commonly used in hospitals for delivery of medication
Electronic medical record (EMR) or electronic health record (EHR)
- a computerized patient medical record
CPOE
- a system in which the physician or agent of the physician enters directly into the hospitals computer system
Standing order
- a standard medication order for patients to receive medication at schedule intervals
PRN order
- an order for medication to be administered only on an as needed basis
STAT order
- an order for medication to be administered immediately
Medication administration record (MAR)
- a form that tracks the medications administered to a patient
Final filter
- a device used to remove particulate matter
- the filter should be placed at the end point of an IV line just before it enters a patient's vein
Drip rounds
- a process in which the pharmacy technician goes to specific nursing units to find out what IV drips will be needed later that day
Drug recall
- the voluntary or involuntary removal of a drug product by the manufacturer
- it usually only pertains to a particular shipment or lot number
Par
- the amount of drug product that should be kept on the pharmacy shelf
- each drug product may have a different par value
- par levels may also be assigned to drug products in automated dispensing cabinets
Emergency drug procurement
- to quickly obtain a medication not currently in stock in the pharmacy in situations where the drug is urgently needed
Extemporaneous compounds
- medications that must be prepared following a specific recipe or formula, usually because they are not available commercially
Bulk compounding log
- a record of medications that are compounded in the pharmacy for nonspecific patients
- information must include a list of all the ingredients, amounts used, manufacturer, lot numbers and expiration dates of each specific ingredient
Reconstitute
- addition of water or other diluent to commercially made drug bottles or vials in order to make a solution or suspension from a premade powder form of the drug
- include oral or parenteral drug
Unit dose
- a package containing the amount of a drug required for one dose
Automated dispensing system
- a system in which medications are dispensed from an automated unit at the point of use
IVPB (intravenous piggyback)
- a small volume parenteral that will be added into or "piggyback" into a large volume parenteral (LVP)
Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)
- protein, carbohydrates and essential nutrients to be given to the patient through an IV line
Epidural
- s sterile, preservative free medication administered into a patient's epidural space (located near the spinal cord and backbone)
Short stability
- medication that will expire soon after preparation (ie. within 1-6 hours after preparation)
Code Cart
- a locked cart of medications and other medical equipment designed for emergency use only
PTCB - Chapter 15 - Community Pharmacy - Key Concepts
Community Pharmacy
- In addition to prescription drugs, community pharmacies sell over the counter medications as well as other health and beauty products.
- The community pharmacist's role in counseling and educating patients has been steadily increasing.
Regulations
- Pharmacists and pharmacy technicians must be knowledgeable regarding the many federal and state regulations that affect the practice of pharmacy.
Organizations
- Pharmacies have basic space and equipment requirements that may vary slightly from state to state but generally include a prescription counter to work on, proper storage areas for drugs, designated refrigerators for drugs, equipment for compounding, a sink, computer system, and areas for dispensing prescriptions.
Customer Service
- Technicians should always response to customers in a positive and courteous way.
Processing Prescriptions
- In the case of a patient requesting an early refill of a controlled substance, involve the pharmacist right away.
- Processing new prescriptions involves entering patient information and prescription drug information, as well as billing information.
Preparing the Prescription
- Whenever the prescription system flags drug interactions and allergy conflicts, alert the pharmacist so that he or she can evaluate the significance of the flag.
- Every drug product has a unique, 11-digit national drug code (NDC) number that can used when filling a prescription to verify the correct product has been retrieved from stock.
- All dispensed prescription vials and bottles must have a safety cap or child resistant cap, unless the patient requests an easy open or non child resistant cap.
- Auxiliary labels identify important usage information, including specific warnings or alerts on: administration, proper storage, possible side effects, and potential food and drug interactions.
- As a final step of the preparation process, the final product and all paperwork, including the original prescription, is organized for the pharmacist's final check.
Customer Pick Up
- Customer signatures in a log are required for Medicaid and most third party insurers or HMO prescriptions, along with Schedule V controlled substances, poisons, and certain other prescriptions (depending upon the state).
Other Duties
- With the exception of behind the counter OTC medications, OTC products may be bought freely by customers, but they are not without risks. The technician may direct customers to a product but should involve the pharmacist when making recommendations.
- Ordering stock is often a responsibility of the pharmacy technicians.
- The pharmacy technician is generally responsible for keeping the pharmacy clean, neat, and in proper working order.
- In addition to prescription drugs, community pharmacies sell over the counter medications as well as other health and beauty products.
- The community pharmacist's role in counseling and educating patients has been steadily increasing.
Regulations
- Pharmacists and pharmacy technicians must be knowledgeable regarding the many federal and state regulations that affect the practice of pharmacy.
Organizations
- Pharmacies have basic space and equipment requirements that may vary slightly from state to state but generally include a prescription counter to work on, proper storage areas for drugs, designated refrigerators for drugs, equipment for compounding, a sink, computer system, and areas for dispensing prescriptions.
Customer Service
- Technicians should always response to customers in a positive and courteous way.
Processing Prescriptions
- In the case of a patient requesting an early refill of a controlled substance, involve the pharmacist right away.
- Processing new prescriptions involves entering patient information and prescription drug information, as well as billing information.
Preparing the Prescription
- Whenever the prescription system flags drug interactions and allergy conflicts, alert the pharmacist so that he or she can evaluate the significance of the flag.
- Every drug product has a unique, 11-digit national drug code (NDC) number that can used when filling a prescription to verify the correct product has been retrieved from stock.
- All dispensed prescription vials and bottles must have a safety cap or child resistant cap, unless the patient requests an easy open or non child resistant cap.
- Auxiliary labels identify important usage information, including specific warnings or alerts on: administration, proper storage, possible side effects, and potential food and drug interactions.
- As a final step of the preparation process, the final product and all paperwork, including the original prescription, is organized for the pharmacist's final check.
Customer Pick Up
- Customer signatures in a log are required for Medicaid and most third party insurers or HMO prescriptions, along with Schedule V controlled substances, poisons, and certain other prescriptions (depending upon the state).
Other Duties
- With the exception of behind the counter OTC medications, OTC products may be bought freely by customers, but they are not without risks. The technician may direct customers to a product but should involve the pharmacist when making recommendations.
- Ordering stock is often a responsibility of the pharmacy technicians.
- The pharmacy technician is generally responsible for keeping the pharmacy clean, neat, and in proper working order.
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