1.
Birds are
different from all other living vertebrates because they have feathers
2.
When did
amphibians evolve? 350 million years ago
3.
In addition to
the frog, what other organisms are classified as modern amphibians? Toads, salamanders
4.
Which of the
following traits are possessed by amphibians but are not present in fish? Limbs
5.
The species
shown in the video is the species that originally climbed out from the oceans
onto land. False
6.
Over 40% of
amphibians are threatened with extinction. Considering an amphibian's
lifestyle, which of the following explains why amphibians are called “indicator
species” of environmental quality? Their permeable skin and life cycle
depends on both water and land.
7.
You are given
the task of finding all the information that you can about a newly discovered
species. Unfortunately the only material
you have to study is a small tissue sample.
You are able to sequence the DNA of this animal from the sample, and in
doing so you find that the animal has multiple clusters of Hox genes. Without looking further, what can you
conclude about this species? It is a
vertebrate; It has the potential for tremendous structural complexity; It is a
chordate
8.
Tadpoles undergo
a metamorphosis before being able to leave the water. True
9.
In order for
frogs, and other amphibians, to live on land, what adaptations did they
develop? Legs; lungs
10. You have the pleasure of observing wood frog
tadpoles in a pond on campus. You see
them make the transition from gilled larvae into adults with lungs. In order to make this amazing transformation
from an entirely aquatic life to one that includes time on land, your tadpoles
will face a series of obstacles, not unlike those that the first vertebrate
inhabitants of land faced. Complete the
following sentences to correctly examine those changes.
·
Because of their
large body size, ancestral amphibians likely faced challenges supporting
themselves out of the aquatic environment
·
Although there
was far more oxygen available to gills in air than in water, the
delicate structure of gills couldn’t be supported in the terrestrial
environment
·
The costs of
locomotion on land and greater oxygen demand from enlarged muscles led to
modifications of the heart and circulatory system
·
The early
amphibians could not venture to far away from water because egg deposition
was restricted to moist environments
11. The primates share several characteristics, which
distinguish them from all other mammalian orders.
·
An opposable
thumb; A large and well-developed brain; Binocular vision
12. Birds are thought to have evolved from small
feathered dinosaurs. Evidence for this comes from the fossil discoveries of Archaeopteryx and Caudipteryx, two transitional forms between dinosaurs and birds.
13. The nearest living relatives of crocodiles and
alligators are birds
14. Which of the following are primate characteristics? Grasping
hand; Large brain; Forward-facing eyes; Complex social behavior
15. Which of the following are the closest ancestors of
humans (genus Homo)? Australopithecines
16. Eutherian mammals are uniquely defined by longer
gestation periods because of more highly developed placentas
17. Which are characteristics that distinguish mammals
from other vertebrates? Hair; Specialized
teeth; Enlarged skull; Mammary gland
18. Select the features that are lacking in amphibians
but present in reptiles and that confer an advantage to reptiles for living on
land. Egg with an amnion, yolk sac, allantois, chorion, and shell; Skin
resistant to water loss; Ability to concentrate urine
19. Metamorphosis is changing of one body form to
another within a species, such as the change from an aquatic tadpole to a
terrestrial frog.
20. How do monotremes differ from other mammals? Monotremes lay eggs; Monotremes are found
only in New Guinea and Australia; Monotremes lack a placenta; Monotremes have
poorly developed nipples
21. Imagine that you are studying a mammal with a
mutation that prevented the growth of hair.
What issues do you predict would be problematic for this animal as a
result of lacking hair? Retaining body heat; Sensing environmental changes; Hiding
from predators; Defense against predators
22. In Earth's history, what might the cooling of the
Earth and the resulting change from a forested to a grassy landscape have made
adaptive in humans? Bipedalism
23. A number of critical evolutionary innovations
allowed reptiles to dominate terrestrial environments. Match the following
descriptions with the correct evolutionary innovation.
·
Concentrating
wastes prior to elimination: water-conserving kidneys
·
Using copulatory
organ to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract: internal
fertilization
·
Coordinated
muscle contractions expand the rib cage creating negative pressure in the lungs
and relaxation of the muscles forces air out: thoracic breathing
·
Keratin aids in
water retention: desiccation-resistant skin
24. The vertebrate chordates have several features that
set them apart from their invertebrate chordate relatives and have allowed them
to move into novel environments like on land and in the air. Complete the
following sentences discussing the features of the vertebrates.
·
For the majority
of vertebrates, the notochord is replaced by the vertebral column during
embryonic development
·
The cranium and
vertebral column are parts of the endoskeleton
·
This structure
is composed of either bone or cartilage
·
Vertebrates
possess a great diversity of internal organs
·
These include a
heart with at least two chambers
25. What unique trait do bats have that no other mammal
has? Flight
26. Bats are active at night, therefore having acute
hearing assist the bat in finding food. True
27. Mammals have specialized teeth that reflect the food
that they eat. Which animal's teeth would be most similar to the teeth of the
frog-eating bat? Cat consumes meat
28. What term best describes the bat's relationship to
the frog? Predatory
29. If the bat is able to distinguish poisonous from
non-poisonous frogs, what conclusion can you draw? The mating song of the
poisonous versus non-poisonous frogs is different.
30. Tiktaalik is an important fossil for the understanding of
phylogeny because it is an intermediate form between fish and amphibians. True
31. Hominins are all forms of humans, extinct and extant
32. Animals capable of producing their own body heat by
way of metabolism and of retaining it are said to be endothermic
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