exergonic process with endergonic process
organic molecules are oxidized -- electron carriers are reduced
electron carriers are oxidized -- electron transport chain is reduced
electron step to lower energy shells -- H+ are pumped across a membrane to higher concentration
H+ diffuse -- ATP is synthesized
bonds that release energy form high energy molecules are weak
as light energy is moved through a photosystem the wavelength of light tends to lengthen
photosynthetic electron transport chain of plants located in thylakoid membrane
which photosystem acts first during the light reactions of photosynthesis? PS II
in photophosphorylation the driving force for ATP synthesis is most directly derived from entropy changes
photons are absorbed by electrons in photopigments
shorter wavelength light has more energy than longer wavelength light
the products of the light dependent reactions are ATP, NADPH, and oxygen
the product of the light independent reactions are G3P
as light energy is moved through a photosystem the wavelength of light tends to decrease in energy
order of flow of electrons
H2O -- P680 -- electron transport chain -- P700 -- NADPH
lowest pH -- thylakoid space than stroma
oxidation -- loss of electrons and energy
reduction -- gain of electron and energy
how do cells make ATP?
1. substrate level phosphorylation
2. oxidative phosphorylation
substrate level phosphorylation -- a single coupled reaction: a high E substrate supplies the E for the formation of ATP
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