Clinical Microbiology HW#8

Concept Map: Vaccines

1. BCG is a vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The vaccine is composed of a live Mycobacterium bovis variant called bacillus of Calmette and Guérin. This is an example of which type of vaccine?

Attenuated whole agent vaccine

2. To vaccinate children against the bacterial infection diphtheria, pure diphtheria toxin is chemically modified and injected as a vaccine. This is an example of which type of vaccine?

Toxoid vaccine

3. Patients can receive one of two different types of influenza vaccine, both of which use whole viruses. The nasal spray uses live virus and is an example of a(n) ________ vaccine, while the injection uses killed virus and is an example of a(n)___________ vaccine.

Attenuated whole agent, inactivated whole agent

Microbiology Animation: Vaccines: Function

1. What does a vaccine contain?

Weakened or killed pathogen or parts of a pathogen

2. When a person has previously been vaccinated against a viral pathogen, which cells are activated if that same pathogen re-enters the host's cells months or years later?

Memory cytotoxic T cells

3. What is the primary benefit of vaccination?

An immune response will occur quicker upon future exposure to the pathogen

Microbiology Animation: Vaccines: Types

1. Which type of vaccine could possibly cause a person to develop the disease?

Attenuated live vaccine

2. What is the hallmark of a conjugated vaccine?

These vaccines contain weakly antigenic elements plus a more potent antigenic protein

3. The influenza vaccine is an example of a(n)

Inactivated killed vaccine

4. What is the function of boosters?

Boosters are injections that are given periodically to maintain immunity

5. The Hepatitis B vaccine is which type of vaccine?

Subunit vaccine

Chapter 18 Reading Questions

1. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using live attenuated vaccines?

They are usually safer than other types of vaccines

**Live attenuated vaccines are not safer than other types of vaccines.

Chapter 18

1. All of the following are generally used in vaccines EXCEPT

Antibodies

GENERALLY USED IN VACCINES:

Toxoids; inactivated viruses; live, attenuated bacteria; parts of bacterial cells.

2. A patient shows the presence of antibodies against diphtheria toxin. Which of the following statements is FALSE?

The patient was near someone who had the disease

3. Toxoid vaccines, such as the vaccines against diphtheria and tetanus, elicit a(n)

Antibody response against these bacterial toxins

4. A test used to identify antibodies against Treponema pallidum in a patient's serum is the

Indirect fluorescent-antibody test

5. A hybridoma results from the fusion of a(an)

B cell with a myeloma cell

6. In the table, who probably has the disease?

Antibody Titer

	Day 1	Day 7	Day 14	Day 21
Patient A	0	0	256	512
Patient B	128	256	512	1024
Patient C	0	0	0	0
Patient D	128	128	128	128

Patients A and B

7. Which component in the figure came from the patient in this ELISA test?

Patient B

8. Haemophilus capsule polysaccharide plus diphtheria toxoid is a(n)

Conjugated vaccine

9. In an immunodiffusion test to diagnose histoplasmosis, a patient's serum is placed in a well in an agar plate. In a positive test, a precipitate forms as the serum diffuses from the well and meets material diffusing from a second well. In this test process, what is in the second well?

A fungal antigen

10. Which of the following statements about measles is FALSE?

The disease has been eradicated in the United States.

TRUE:

It is a serious disease.

Complications include pneumonia, encephalitis, and death.

Annually, it kills thousands of children worldwide.

It is preventable by vaccination.

11. Adjuvants such as aluminum salts are used as additives in vaccines to enhance immune responses.

TRUE

Chapter 18 Reading Questions

1. Which of the following best describes vaccination?

An individual is exposed to a killed pathogen, an inactivated pathogen, or a component of a pathogen. The individual is protected from subsequent exposures to the pathogen because the adaptive immune system is stimulated to produce memory B cells and memory T cells, which protect from subsequent exposures.

2. You are conducting a viral hemagglutination inhibition test. Which of the following indicates that a patient's serum has antibodies against influenza virus?

Hemagglutination occurs in a mixture of influenza virus and erythrocytes but does not occur when the patient's serum is added.

Chapter 18

1. An ELISA for Hepatitis C has 95 percent sensitivity and 90 percent specificity. This means that the test

detects 95 percent of the true positive samples and has 10 percent false positive results

2. Blood typing tests are examples of hemagglutination reactions.

TRUE

3. In a vaccine preparation, the term attenuated means that the agent does NOT replicate.

FALSE