Chemosynthetic autotrophs are often found near volcanic activity in the deep ocean
The rate at which organisms take in energy is
limited by several factors. These factors include: supply of prey available; the rate ingested food can be processed
The cucumber beetle is a specialist that is able to feed on cucumbers despite the toxins and
repellents the plant produces
Match the description of trophic (feeding) type with
the appropriate definition.
Autotrophs
– organisms that use inorganic sources of carbon and energy; name means
self-feeders
Photosynthesizers
– use carbon dioxide and sunlight to synthesize organic compounds
Chemosynthetic
autotrophs – use carbon dioxide and inorganic chemicals to synthesize organic
molecules
Heterotrophs
– use organic molecules as a source of carbon and energy; name means
other-feeders
Predators, such as the bird in the image, may act as
agents of natural selection by increasing the efficacy of prey defense
Herbivores: typically
ingest food with lower carbon:nutrient ratio than they require for growth and
metabolism
Which of the following is a type of anatomical
defense that prey organisms use? Shells;
spines
Photosynthetic organisms use carbon dioxide as a source of carbon. This gas comes from the
atmosphere
Terrestrial plants gather energy from sunlight and nutrients from water and soil
Which of the following domains include prokaryotic
organisms? Bacteria and archaea
Which of the following is not one of the five main
elements that make up living organisms? Sodium
Made up of: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus,
nitrogen
Optimal
foraging theory assumes that organisms cannot maximize all of life’s functions
when energy is limited
Chemosynthetic bacteria in the ocean: may be free-living and use sulfur as their
energy source; use carbon dioxide as their carbon source for sugar production;
may be found associated in symbiotic relationships with other animals such as
worms
Digestion-reduction chemicals produced by plants
inhibit enzymes that breakdown plant
proteins. This reduces the amount of nitrogen
available to the consumers from the plant tissues
Match the type of photosynthesis to its
characteristics.
C3
– used by most plants and algae; fixation of carbon dioxide results in the
production of PGA
C4
– carbon dioxide combined with PEP in mesophyll cells; sugars produced in
bundle sheath cells
CAM
– stomata typically opened just during the night; combine PEP with carbon
dioxide
Size selective predation occurs when predators
select their prey based on size. This occurs because size can affect how easy
it is to catch and subdue prey
Organisms that feed on nonliving organic matter,
such as decaying plants, are called: detrivores
Match the type of functional response with the
appropriate organism.
Type
1 – sponges that are aquatic filter-feeders
Type
2 – otters that have to crack open oyster shells on rocks to feed
Type
3 – deer mice that have to lean to seek out sawfly cocoons that are difficult
to find at low density, but easier at higher densities
Many warning coloration patterns include yellow
and/or orange along with sharply contrasting color such as black
Within the range of PAR, plant absorb mainly blue and red wavelengths of light
Which of the following are examples of substances
that chemosynthetic bacteria may use as an energy source? Carbon monoxide; sulfur; ammonium; iron
Net photosynthesis is the result of subtracting the amount of carbon
dioxide produced by plant respiration from the amount of carbon dioxide taken
in during photosynthesis
The most common type of chemosynthetic bacteria
found in the ocean oxidize sulfur as
their energy source
Which of the following is an example of a prey
characteristic that may affect predator energy intake? Amount of time the predator spends removing spines from a prey animal
before ingesting the meat; prey abundance; amount of time the predator spends
fighting to subdue the prey
The relationship where an increase in food
availability leads to an increased feeding rate for hungry animals (up to a
certain point) is called the functional
response
Which of the following is not true when comparing
tropical plant toxins to temperate plant toxins? Temperate plant species contain more alkaloid toxins than tropical
plant species
Which of the following is true of visible light? It has sufficient energy to power
photosynthesis; it makes up about 42% of the total energy of solar radiation at
sea level
Net photosynthesis is calculated as the total carbon
dioxide during photosynthesis subtracting
the carbon dioxide produced by plant respiration
Which of the following is not true? Gasoline and petroleum derivatives are
always stored above-ground
True: one petroleum derivative that can contaminate
soil is benzene; some bacteria can use benzene as a source of energy; some
bacteria can use benzene as a source of carbon; bacteria may be capable of
breaking down benzene from leaking underground storage tanks naturally
When C:N ratios were manipulated by adding sucrose
to the environment of bacteria grown in leached gold ores: the increase in the C:N ratio resulted in 100% breakdown of the
available cyanide
Which of the following is not true concerning the
effects of infrared light on living things? It decreases the motion of whole molecules that comprise living things
True: it does not have enough energy to drive
photosynthesis; it tends to be less damaging than ultraviolet light; it can
increase the temperature of the atmosphere and living organisms
CAM photosynthesis: is found among epiphytes in the canopies of forests; is found in plants
in arid and semiarid environments
Because PEP carboxylase has a high affinity to
carbon dioxide, C4 plants are able to increase
the concentration gradient between the atmosphere and in the inside of
their cells. This also allows them to have fewer
stomata open, which conserves water
To minimize the effects of photorespiration, plants
concentrate the gas called carbon
dioxide
In CAM photosynthesis, the C4 acid produced in the
mesophyll cells at night is broken down into carbon dioxide and pyruvate during the day. The carbon
dioxide will be used to produce sugars
and starch
When using optimal foraging theory, one of the most
important prey attributes that affects predator energy intake is the abundance of prey
When Bloom and colleagues used economic theory and
applied it to plants, they predicted that plants in nutrient-rich environments
would invest more in the growth of
stems and leaves and less in the
growth of roots
Which of the following is true concerning the
importance of C4 plants? They
contribute approximately 20% global terrestrial primary production; they are
associated with the evolution of grazing and their predators
In plants doing C4 photosynthesis, the four-carbon
acids initially produced diffuse into bundle
sheath cells where they can be converted to three-carbon acids and carbon
dioxide
Bacteria near leached gold ore have been found to
convert cyanide to ammonia. The ammonia can then be converted by other bacteria
to nitrate which can also
contaminate the soil
PMAX shown in this curve is the maximum rate of photosynthesis
The graphs shown support the ideas of optimal foraging theory
Which of the following is correct with regards to
photorespiration? It occurs in the
presence of light; it produces carbon dioxide; it occurs when oxygen combines
with ribulose biphosphate
Nitrifying bacteria oxidize ammonium and use the energy to synthesize organic molecules such as sugar
Carbon fixation refers to: the process where carbon dioxide is incorporated into an organic acid
When several species of noxious organisms show
similar patterns of warning coloration is called Mullerian mimicry
When plants are grown to study their photosynthetic
potential, they are grown under ideal temperatures for the particular species,
as well as being given abundant nutrients and water
When a harmless species displays the same warning
coloration pattern as a noxious species, this is called Batesian mimicry
Cellulose: strengthens
plant tissues and increases the C:N ratio in those tissues
While most plants are photosynthesis, some are heterotrophic ad ingest other carbon
sources
Longer
wavelengths,
such as infrared light, carry less
energy than shorter wavelengths of light, such as UV light
CN-contaminated gold ore can be cleaned up by
supplementing the environment with sucrose
as a source of carbon for bacteria. Any waste NO3- can be incorporated into
the biomass of heterotrophic bacteria and fungi
The process of photosynthesis is powered by light as an energy source
In the Bolser and Hay experiment testing the
chemical defenses of tropical vs. temperate seaweeds, why did the scientist
freeze-dry the seaweed, mix it with agar, and produce strips of seaweed
material? It made quantifying the amount
of seaweed eaten by the urchins easy; it negated any affects that could be due
to physical differences in the seaweed
Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is
quantified as photon flux density
During photosynthesis, photosynthetic pigments
absorb photons of light and transfer the energy directly to: electrons
When Tilman and Cowan grew four species of grass and
four species of forbs on soils of different nitrogen content, they found: plants grown at higher nitrogen levels had
lower root:shoot ratios
Herbaceous plant tissues generally have high C:N ratios, meaning the amount of
nitrogen available to consumers is relatively low
While leached gold ore is a rich source of nitrogen
for bacteria, the ore contains little of what other element necessary for
survival? Carbon
According to Bloom and colleagues, plants that grow
in light-rich environments should invest more in roots than in portions of the plant involved in photosynthesis or
vertical growth
There are no known naturally occurring populations
of bacteria that use benzene as their source of carbon and energy. FALSE
A newer method of extracting gold involves leaching
ore with: cyanide
The results of the Bolser and Hay experiments where
sea urchins were fed temperate and tropical seaweed suggested that tropical seaweeds are better defended
against attack by herbivores due to plant toxins
In C3 photosynthesis, there is a relatively low rate
of carbon dioxide uptake. One reason for this is that the enzyme RuBP carboxylase has a low affinity for
carbon dioxide
Which of the following is untrue concerning clean-up
of CN- contaminated gold mines? Adding sucrose
to the environment leads to a buildup of NO3-
True: adding sucrose promotes breakdown of CN-;
heterotrophic fungi can use waste NO3- as a nitrogen source and incorporate it
into their biomass; heterotrophic bacteria can use waste NO3- as a nitrogen
source and incorporate it into their biomass
Ecological stoichiometry suggests that the lower C:N ratio in herbivores, compared
to the plants they ingest, causes the consumer to eat more plants to ingest the
necessary nitrogen
The Eurasian otter
is an example of how geography affects the specific prey species consumed, but
not the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content ingested
Which of the following is not true concerning the
light-absorbing pigment called rhodopsin? Bacteria
found in deep, clear waters have rhodopsin that absorbs green wavelengths of
light most strongly
True: it is involved in the visual process of
animals; it is involved in the production of ATP; bacterial rhodopsins are
adapted to environmental differences in light quality
Bald-faced hornets hunt insects by flying rapidly
among plants and pouncing on: anything
that might be their prey
To study the relationships between ratios of
elements in a food resource to the ratios of those same elements in the
organism consuming that resource, ecological stoichiometry is used
Living plant tissues have higher nitrogen levels compared to plant tissues that fall from the
plant and decay
Rhodopsin is a light-absorbing pigment found in: animal eyes, bacteria, and archaea
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