Ecology Ch. 5

The energy that is referred to as heat energy is a type of kinetic energy.

When heat is lost as water evaporates from the surface of an organism it is termed evaporation

Which of the following ingredients are necessary to run photosynthesis?

Light, chlorophyll, water

Match the corresponding symbol to what it represents within the metabolizable energy intake formula discovered by Michael Angiletta.

C – energy consumed; F – energy lost in feces; U – energy lost in uric acid

What is produced as a result of photosynthesis? Organic molecules

A plant’s short term response to a change in moisture levels is called acclimation

What features of enzymes are necessary for enzymes to function correctly?

Flexibility, proper shape, proper temperature

Under which temperature range would we expect most species to have the greatest fitness?

22 – 28 degree Celsius

If an organism enters a state of reduced metabolic activity during the summer months it is said to be in a state of estivation

Which processes are especially influenced by temperature? Respiration and photosynthesis

What will happen to the body temperature of an ectotherm if the air temperature was to decrease? It would decrease

When an organism decreases it metabolism during the winter months it is said that is has entered a state of hibernation

At night, when hummingbirds lower their metabolic rate and body temperature, they are referred to as being in a state of torpor

The transfer of heat from a solid object and moving fluid is termed convection

During conduction, how is heat transferred? Direct contact

What does the principle of allocation address? Evolutionary implications of energy limitation

The main factor to consider when studying the thermal neutral zone is the organism’s metabolic rate

What methods do hummingbirds use to conserve energy at night? Reduce their body temperature; reduce their metabolic rate

What is the lower end of the body temperature range for endotherm? 35 degree Celsius

How does the human body respond to a high temperature? Increased blood flow to the skin; increased heart rate

Identify the plant features discovered by James Ehleringer that make Encelia sp. Adaptable to various environments. Production of different sets of leaves at different times of the year; leaves that are pubescent

Which type of climate information is reported by a weather station? Macroclimate

Desert plants reduce heat by orienting their leaves parallel to the sun’s rays

The term for vegetation that grows along the banks of rivers and streams is called riparian vegetation

Which type of climate interaction with the local landscape will result in a variation to temperature? Macroclimate

The relationship between organisms and their environment is called ecology

What method have most organisms evolved in order to compensate for variations in environmental temperature? Regulation of body temperature

The capacity of water to absorb heat energy without changing temperature is called specific heat

In order for hibernation to be beneficial there must be a net savings in energy

Which methods are employed by beetles to maintain their body temperature?

Face into the sun; standing on the tips of their feet; moving between shade and sun

What source of energy is used by homeotherms to maintain their body temperature? Metabolic energy

How will our body respond to a low temperature? Increase metabolism of fat; start to shiver; release metabolic hormones

The transfer of heat through electromagnetic radiation is termed radiation

Which components of heat can be ignored when studying desert plants? Heat lost from evaporative cooling; heat of metabolism

Indicate, in degrees Celsius, the temperature that produced the maximum growth rate for Antarctic bacteria. 4

The benefit gained by the Dryas flower from the insects that will use its flowers for warmth is pollination

Which process releases heat within an organism? Cellular respiration

What will happen to the body temperature of a poikilotherm if the air temperature increases? It will increase

What type of organisms rely on internal derived heat energy? Endotherms

Indicate, in degrees Celsius, the coldest temperature that Boreal moss can photosynthesis at. -5

Temperature measures kinetic energy. TRUE

Which methods are used by ectothermic animals to regulate body temperature? Body size, body shape, pigmentation

Which events can trigger torpor in hummingbirds? Environmental conditions prevent them from feeding regularly; arriving at breeding grounds prior to flowers blooming; reduction in food availability due to decreased nectar production

What happened to the body temperature of the grasshoppers that were kept in the shade? Their body temperature stayed the same as that of the air temperature

What features enable organisms, such as birds and mammals, to be endothermic in an aquatic environment? Thick layer of fat; insulating layer of fur; air breathers

Psychrophilic refers to bacteria that are cold-loving

During the Bennett and Lenski experiment, organisms were grown at 20 degrees C

How do honeybees maintain their elevated body temperature? The flight muscles maintain the temperatures

In the K. Schmidt-Nielsen equation, for the components of heat that can be manipulated, what does H_m represent? Heat gained by metabolism

Which biome would be described as having freezing temperatures at night followed by “summer” temperatures during the day? Tropical alpine

Which best describes the latent heat of vaporization? The large amount of heat absorbed by water as it evaporates.

Identify the features used by desert plants to avoid overheating. Small leaves; reflective surfaces

Which mechanism do desert plants use to avoid overheating? Convection; conduction

How many grams of fat did F. L. Carpenter estimate a hummingbird will lose during a state of torpor? 0.02

If an organism allocates more energy towards reproduction, this will result in less energy available for growth

Which features have enabled the rosette plant to adapt to a tropical alpine zone? A thick pubescence; retaining their dead leaves

Identify the optimal temperature for both enzymes. 12 degree C

What is the most common abiotic variable produced by plants that can lead to the creation of microclimates? Shade

What was the highest temperature that the arctic cushion plant achieved during the course of the study? 35 degree C

Organisms can regulate their body temperature by manipulating the gain and loss of heat

What temperature range are thermophilic bacteria likely to be found in? above 40 degree C

What was the egg hatching success of A. arbustorum at 19 degree C? 80%

Which methods are used by arctic plants to help stay warm? Increasing the rate of radiative heating; decreasing the rate of convective cooling

A measure of enzyme performance is it affinity for the substrate

As temperature increases and pushes into an extreme range, it can eventually lead to the entire species going extinct

Countercurrent heat exchanges are vascular structures that reduce the rate of heat loss

Which of the following variables will influence the microclimate of an area? Vegetation; color of the ground; altitude

Which event is leading to species having an earlier spring migration along with an extension of their natural range towards the poles? Climate warming

What information did Knutson gain from his study of the eastern skunk cabbage? The inflorescences can maintain elevated temperatures when it blooms; the plant can function as an endothermic organism

What happens to the rate of photosynthesis when the temperature goes above a plant’s optimal range? Decreases

During Morita’s experiments, at what temperature, in degree Celsius, did the Vibrio sp. Grown the fastest? 4

What is the term for the heat energy that water gives up to its environment as it freezes? Latent heat of fusion

What mechanism would cause an organism to have its metabolic rate increase by two to three times its resting metabolism? An increase in environmental temperature above the thermal neutral zone

Which type of heat is reduced by the cushion plant’s compact growth form? Convective and radiative

Rainbow trout contain the enzyme acetylcholinesterase which performs best within a temperature range between 8 and 20 degree C

Which beach will heat up faster and to a higher temperature? Black

What is the main factor that determines the temperature of an animal burrow? The depth of the burrow

Which type of environmental change is most likely to lead to the extinction of a snail? A change in the environmental temperature

Levins’s principle of allocation is supported by the research conducted by which scientist? Bennett and Lenski research on E. coli

Which features help the cushion plant reduce heat loss? Growing close to the ground; compact growth form

Which statement is correct about the relationship between temperature and the survival rate of clear-winged grasshoppers regarding fungal infection? Higher temperatures increase the survival rates

What are the consequences of a species adapting to one set of environmental conditions? A decrease in fitness in other environments

What would occur if a skunk cabbage were to increase its metabolic temperature? The inflorescence would retain its temperature

What happened to the hatching rates of the snail eggs when the temperature reached 29 degree C? There was a decrease in the hatching of both species eggs

At what temperature did C. nemoralis have its greatest egg hatching success? 19 degree C

What temperature was available to the seashore isopods if they chose to live under the stones? 30 degree C

What is the optimal temperature for hyperthermophiles? Above 80 degree C

Grasshoppers reared at higher developmental temperatures will produce lower levels of pigment in order to adjust their body temperature

What do bumble bees do to enable flight during cold temperatures? Warm their flight muscles

What did Angilleta learn about the body temperature of S. undulates? S. undulates from New Jersey and South Carolina have the same preferred temperature

Atmospheric pressure decreases with elevation, leading to a decrease in temperature. TRUE

What is the method used by members of Araceae to heat their flowers? Using metabolic energy to maintain warmth

Why do tropical primates go into hibernation? To conserve energy

In which environment will a lakes temperature remain the most stable? Tropical

Because lizards will use various behaviors that employ environmental factors to regulate their body temperature they are classified as ectothermic

Which shade of ground color tends to have a lower temperature? Light

Which feature is adaptive for arctic plants? Dark pigmentation

What abiotic feature do mountains and hillsides often produce that will influence the microclimate? Shade

What results were expected from the Bennet and Lenski experiment? An organism adapted to a low temperature would have a lower fitness in higher temperatures

What type of environment to species with narrow thermal neutral zones tend to live in? tropical

What information did Fletz learn about C. medius during her study? C. medius will lose approximately 34% of its body weight during hibernation

What is the main factor that determines the temperature of an animal burrow? The depth of the burrow

Which aquatic environment will have the greatest chance of resisting a change in temperature? The Atlantic Ocean

Which type of heat exchange mechanism are grasshoppers using when they adjust their pigment in order to change their temperature? Radiation

Ecology Ch. 4

Evolution is best described as a heritable change in a population over time

Which of the following is part of Darwin’s summarization of natural selection?

More offspring are produced each generation than can be supported by the environment.

Which of the following are an example of adaptation?

An evolutionary process that changes the physiology of a population.

An evolutionary process that changes the anatomy of a population.

Identify the attributes of alleles as Mendel investigated with pea plants.

There can be more than two alleles in a population.

A sexually-reproducing organism will inherit one allele from each parent.

They can be either dominant or recessive.

Identify the results that indicate genetic differences among populations.

Lowland clones had the highest growth and flower production in lowland areas.

Phenotypic plasticity is best described as the ability of an organism to alter its form and function as a result of changes in the environment

What would most likely happen in the absence of genetic variation?

There would be no natural selection and therefore no adaptive evolution.

Specifically, we can define evolution as a change in the allele frequencies of a population from one generation to the next

An individual that receives a dominant allele from one parent and a recessive allele from the other parent would be heterozygous where the dominant trait would be expressed while the recessive trait would not be expressed

Suppose you conduct a survey of Asian lady beetles and you find the frequency of the SS genotype to be 0.64, the frequency of the SA genotype to be 0.32, and the frequency of the AA genotype to be 0.04. What is the frequency of the S allele?

0.64 + (1/2)(0.32) = 0.8

A large population that where the individuals mate at random and lacks evolutionary forces is said to be Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Suppose you survey a population of the Asian lady beetle and find the frequency of the A allele to be 0.4 and the S allele to be 0.6. Calculate the combined frequency of homozygous genotypes in this population.

Frequency of AA = (0.4)^2 = 0.16

Frequency of SS = (0.6)^2 = 0.36

0.16 + 0.36 = 0.52

Identify the conditions required for a population to remain in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

No mutations occur that create new alleles; The population is very large; The individuals within a population freely mate with each other.

What is the effect of genetic drift on a population? The random loss of alleles in a population leading to reduced genetic variability

Which of the following is an example of stabilizing selection?

A population of freshwater fishes whose average length is 5 cm. individuals larger than 7 cm or smaller than 3 cm suffer higher mortality.

Which of the following is an example of evolutionary fitness?

A single Laysan Duck lays six eggs that all survive. After several generations, her progeny number in the hundreds.

Directional selection is best defined as selection that favors an extreme phenotype over others in a population

Phenotypic variance can be subdivided into two components: variance due to environmental effects; variance due to genetic effects

Which of the following is an example of disruptive evolution?

A population of fish where two distinct sizes of males are maintained.

Which of the following best describes adaptation?

Island tortoises evolve to be much larger to store energy for the dry season.

An allele is best described as a different version of a gene

Disruptive selection is best defined as selection that favors two or more extreme phenotypes over the average phenotype

Which of the following are summarized as part of Darwin’s theory of natural selection?

Survival and reproduction are not random; the best fit individuals are most likely to survive and reproduce in a population.

Organisms beget like organisms.

Within a population, there is phenotypic variation between individuals.

Perhaps one of the most important reasons why Mendel’s experiments on pea plants worked was: the characteristics, such as flower color, are controlled by different genes on different chromosomes

Phenotypic variation is the result of genetic and environmental influences that affect the appearance of an individual

Select the best example of an ecotype. The lowland populations of the sticky cinquenfoil

The end of the Pleistocene was brought about by rising global temperatures

Identify the importance of isolation among populations.

It increases the genetic diversity among populations.

It allows the populations to diverge genetically.

Certain alleles may become fixed in the population.

Managers wishing to restock lakes with indigenous populations of fish in the genus Coregonus would use which of the following information?

Anatomical features such as fin-ray counts.

Genetic analysis using microsatellite DNA.

A combination of genetic and phenotypic data.

Which of the following would be an example of an evolutionary distinct unit?

A population of alpine fish living in a headwater stream that is isolated from other populations and has a different number of fin-rays.

Which of the following best explains the color variations among individuals of the Asian lady beetle (Harmona axyridis)? There are many alleles in the population. Each individual beetle can inherit any combination of two alleles.

The ultimate source of variation in a population is mutation

Which of the following populations would be evolving? A large population where the frequency of a specific allele changed from 0.9 to 0.8 between surveys

Stabilizing selection in a population would work by selecting for an everage body size in a population

Species distributions are different today than they were 12,000 years ago during the Pleistocene. Identify how certain species may have changed their distributions is response to the warming trend. Species adapted to warmer environments slowly spread northward as the temperature warmed; species adapted to colder environments, such as cold-water fish, became trapped in high elevation refugia, such as headwater streams.

As a result of isolation in the populations of alpine fish in the genus Coregonus, approximately how many distinct populations are recognized? 19

An organism where the genetic makeup has been altered by either introducing or deleting genes is known as a genetically modified organism.

Small populations are often subject to inbreeding, which is the mating of close relatives

Which of the following would be an example of a negative impact of inbreeding in a population?

Female butterflies in isolated patches produced smaller juveniles, which were less likely to survive the winter.

Florida panthers, which underwent a major reduction in population, had malformed sperm, which lowered reproductive success.

Greater Prairie Chickens in relic prairie habitat in Illinois laid eggs with low hatch rates compared to other populations.

Inbreeding and genetic drift can both lead to loss of genetic variability in a population; lower fecundity and higher juvenile mortality; higher probability of extinction

Genetic variability in endemic island population is lower compared to other non-endemic island populations and mainland populations

In a small population, genetic drift will most likely result in the loss of genetic variation

Which of the following is an example of artificial selection?

Farmers selecting corn for sweet taste.

Soybeans selected by farmers to grow as freestanding plants.

The effect of genetic drift are best described as a random process that leads to a loss of genetic variability

Species that are confined to a particular geographic region are known as endemic species

A population with very few allozymes would indicate low levels of genetic diversity

Which of the following traits are used by Darwin’s finches to choose mates?

The type of the mating song; the size and shape of the beak

Heritability increases with increased genetic variance and decreases with increased environmental variance

Artificial selection is best described as the selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals

The rise of GMOs that are herbicide resistant has helped farmers in the short term by helping to reduce soil erosion by not having to till fields; reduced production cost; reducing the need for mechanical control of weeds, which saves time and money

Select the reasons why egg size in the Ural owl is under stabilizing selection.

Females that produced very large or very small eggs fledged fewer young throughout their life.

Females producing small or large eggs often had shorter reproductive lives.

Very large eggs and very small eggs were less likely to hatch.

Based on heritability, which trait would be most likely to evolve due to directional selection?

Egg size of the Ural Owl with an h^2 = 0.60

Imagine that the Chihuahua spruce population had 15 individuals and a prolonged drought kills 5 trees. What would be the most likely result to the genetic variability in this population?

The genetic variability would be reduced.

Why did Caroll and Boyd conclude that the soap berry bug (Jadera haematolama) was under directional selection?

The trait beak length was shown to be a heritable trait.

When the insect switched host plants, extreme phenotypes were under selection.

When Johnsongrass was exposed to glyphosate for several generations it was able to survive in fields even with high applications of the herbicide. When Johnsongrass was moved from fields with no exposure of herbicide to fields with moderate exposure, they all died. What do the results of this test indicate?

The herbicide would become ineffective at controlling Johnsongrass.

The genes that allowed Johnsongras to adapt to the herbicide were heritable.

Johnsongrass exposed to the herbicide were under directional selection and were able to adapt to the herbicide.

Small repeated segments of 10 to 100 base-pairs long in nuclear DNA is referred to as microsatellite DNA.

Heterozygosity is best defined as the proportion of individuals in a population that have two different alleles for a given gene.

The introduction of new species of plants with different fruit sizes had what kind of effects populations of soapberry bugs (Jadera haematoloma)?

Populations that switched to the introduced plants underwent directional selection to adapt to the new plant.

Allozymes are best described as various forms of an enzyme found in a population

When Darwin published his theory of evolution by natural selection, the prevailing mechanism of inheritance was blended inheritance which posed a problem because it was believed that: favorable traits that were rare would be blended out of the population and lost

The use of herbicides to control weeds probably has what effect on weeds? It places them under directional selection, where traits that improved resistance are selected for.

How can natural selection decrease diversity in a population? Through stabilizing selection that will remove extreme phenotypes from the population