Aseptic techniques
- technique or methods that maintain the sterile condition of products
Hypertonic
- when a solution has a greater osmolarity than that of blood
Hypotonic
- when a solution has a lesser osmolarity than that of blood
Isotonic
- when a solution has an osmolarity equivalent to that of blood
Osmotic Pressure
- a characteristic of a solution determined by the number of dissolved particles in it
Pyrogens
- chemicals produced by microorganisms that can cause pyretic reactions (fever) in patients
Special requirements for Parenteral Dosage Form
1. solutions must be sterile - i.e. free from bacteria and other microorganism
2. solutions must be free of all visible particulate material
3. solutions must be pyrogen free
4. the solution must be stable for its intended use
5. the pH of an IV solution should not vary significantly from physiological pH, about 7.4
6. IV solutions should be formulated to have an osmotic pressure similar to that of blood
Compounded Sterile Preparation (CSP)
- a compounded sterile parenteral dosage form that will be parenterally administered
Additive
- a drug that is added to a parenteral solution
Admixture
- the resulting solution when a drug is added to a parenteral solution
Diluent
- a solvent that dissolves a lyophilized powder or dilutes a solution
Lyophilized
- freeze dried
Ready to mix
- a specially designed minibag by which a drug is put into the SVP just prior to administration
Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) solution
- complex solutions with two base solutions (amino acids and dextrose) and additional micronutrients
- they are hypertonic solutions
Total Nutrient Admixture (TNA) solution
- a TPN solution that contains IV fat emulsion.
- when IV fat emulsion is admixed with a TPN solution, the resulting solution is referred to as a TNA
- hypertonic solutions
Dialysis
- movement of particles in a solution through permeable membranes
Osmosis
- the action in which a drug in a higher concentration solution passes through a permeable membrane to a lower concentration solution
Peritoneal Dialysis Solution
- a solution placed in and emptied from the peritoneal cavity to remove toxic substances
Irrigation solution
- large volume splash solutions used during surgical or urologic procedures to bathe and moisten tissues
- washing out wounds
Flow rate
- the rate (in mL/hour or mL/minute) at which solution is administered to the patient
Flashball
- flexible rubber bulb near the needle adapter on an administration set; used to determine if the needle is properly placed in the vein
Piggybacks
- small volume solutions connected to an LVP
Heparin Lock
- an administration device used when a primary LVP solution is not available
- heparin lock is a short piece of tubing attached to a needle or IV catheter
when the tubing is not being used for the minibag, heparin is used to fill the tubing
- heparin prevents blood from clotting in the tubing
HEPA filter
- a high efficiency particulate air filter
Laminar flow
- continuous movement at a uniform rate in one direction
Horizontal flow head
- a laminar flow hood with horizontal air flow across the work area
Zone of turbulence
- an area of blocked air flow in a laminar flow hood
Vertical flow hood
- a laminar flow hood with vertical air flow across the work area
Coring
- when a needle damages the rubber closure of a parenteral container, causing fragments of the closure to fall into the container and contaminate its contents
Ampules
- sealed glass containers with an elongated neck that must be snapped off
Bevel
- an angled surface at the tip of a needle
Gauge
- a measurement with needles; the higher the gauge, the smaller the lumen
Hub
- the part of the needle that attaches to the syringe
Lumen
- the hollow center of a needle
Shaft
- the stem of the needle that provides the overall length of the needle
Slip-Tip, Luer-Lok, eccentric, oral
- different types of syringe tips
Depth filter
- a filter that can filter solutions being drawn into or expelled from a syringe, but not both ways in the same procedure
Membrane filter
- a filter that filters solution as the solution is expelled from the syringe
Final filter
- a filter placed immediately before a solution enters a patient's vein
Sharps
- needles, jagged glass or metal objects, or any items that might puncture or cut the skin
Anhydrous
- without water molecules
Equivalent weight
- a drug's molecular weight divided by its valence, a common measure of electrolyte concentration
Ions
- molecular particles that carry electric charges
Molecular weight
- the sum of the atomic weights of a molecular
Valence
- the number of positive or negative charges on an ion
Waters of hydration
- water molecules that attach to drug molecules
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