Biological Principles 2 -- 57.LS

Competition is an interaction between species that affects both species negatively (-/-), as they utilize similar resources.

Select all ways in which predation, herbivory, and parasitism interactions are classified.

·         Whether or not they are lethal

·         The length of association between consumer and prey

Match the following interactions.

·         Mutualism: both species benefit

·         Commensalism: one species benefits, whereas the other remains unaffected

·         Parasitism or predation: one species benefits and the other is harmed

·         Competition: both species are negatively affected

·         Amensalism: detrimental to one species, and neutral to another

Herbivores can often overcome plant defenses by detoxifying their toxic defense metabolites. Arrange the steps in this detoxification pathway in the proper order.

1.       A mixed-function oxidase converts a secondary metabolite to its corresponding alcohol

2.       The oxidation product is conjugated to another molecule

3.       The inactive product of the pathway is excreted

What are the two types of herbivores? Generalist and specialist

Match each parasite with its features.

·         Microparasites: multiply within their hosts, sometimes within cells

·         Macroparasites: live in the host but release juvenile stages outside the host’s body

Batesian mimicry is the mimicry of an unpalatable species by a palatable one.

Select all types of interactions that are classified according to how lethal they are for the prey and the length of association between consumer and prey.

·         Predation

·         Herbivory

·         Parasitism

Choose all possible outcomes of interactions between complete competitors.

·         One species becomes extinct

·         One species moves to a different niche

·         Both species diverge in morphology

Herbivores can overcome plant defenses by detoxifying many poisons, mainly by two chemical pathways: conjugation and oxidation

Match each speciation event with its geographic distribution.

·         Sympatric: species exist in the same geographical areas

·         Allopatric: species exist in different geographic areas

Select all examples of mimicry: batesian and mullerian

Match each type of mutualism with its description.

·         Obligatory: neither species can live without the other

·         Facultative: the interaction is beneficial, but not essential to the survival and reproduction of either species

In addition to having chemical defenses, many plants have also developed mechanical defenses, such as: spines and thorns.

Allelopathy is an example of: amensalism

Species may coexist if they do not occupy identical niches.

Cryptic coloration is an aspect of camouflage, the blending of an organism with the background of its habitat.

Phoresy is an example of commensalism, when one organism uses a second organism for transportation.

Plants use the primary metabolic pathway to obtain energy and the secondary metabolic pathway for plant defense.

The term resource partitioning refers to the differentiation of niches, in both space and time, enabling similar species to coexist in a community.

Which of the following statements about endoparasites are correct?

·         Endoparasites are more specialized than ectoparasites

·         Endoparasites feed and reproduce only on certain hosts

Herbivory involves the predation of plants

Which of the following are types of mutualism?

·         Trophic mutualism

·         Dispersive mutualism

·         Defensive mutualism

Masting is the synchronous production of many progeny by all individuals in a population to satiate predators and thereby allow some progeny to survive.

Match each parasite with it host immunological response.

·         Microparasitic: strong and effective

·         Macroparasitic: short-lived, with host subject to continual reinfection

Trophic mutualism occurs when to species receive a benefit from utilizing a common resource.

Parasitism, like herbivory, is typically nonlethal and differs from predation in that the organism typically lives and reproduces in the living host.

The importance of predation on prey populations may be dependent on whether the system is donor controlled or predator controlled.

Select all antipredator strategies that have evolved in animals.

·         Altering of reproductive patterns

·         Camouflage and mimicry

·         Chemical defense