STEM ------- DRUG CLASS
-alol combined alpha and beta blockers (used for high BP)
-andr- androgens
-anserin serotonin 5-HT2 receptor antagonist
-arabine antineoplastics (anticancer drugs)
-ase enzymes
-azepam antianxiety agents (diazepam type)
-azosin antihypertensive (prazosin type)
-bactam beta-lactamase inhibitors (penicillin and antibiotic)
-bamate tranquilizers/antiepileptic
-barb barbituric acid derivatives
-butazone anti-inflammatory analgesics (phenylbutazone type)
-caine local anesthetic
-cef cephalosporins (antibiotic)
-cillin penicillins
-conazole antifungals (miconazole type)
-cort- cortisone derivatives (anti inflammatory)
-curium neuromuscular blocking agent
-cycline antibiotics (tetracycline)
-dralazine antihypertensives (hydrazinephthalazines)
-erg- ergot alkaloid derivatives
estr- estrogens
-fibrate antihyperlipidemics
-flurane inhalation anesthetics
-gest- progestins
-irudin anticoagulants (hirudin tyoe)
-leukin interleukin-2 derivative
-lukast leukotriene antagonist
-mab monoclonal antibodies
-mantadine antivirals
-monam monobactam antibiotics
-mustine antineoplastics
-mycin antibiotic
-olol beta-blockers
-olone steroids
-oxacin antibiotics (quinolone derivatives)
-pamide diuretics (sulfamoylbenzoic acid derivative)
-pamil coronary vasodilators
-parin heparin derivative
-peridol antipsychotics (haloperidol type)
-poetin erythropoietins
-pramine antidepressants (imipramine type)
-pred prednisone derivatives
-pril antihypertensives (ACE inhibitors)
-profen anti-inflammatory/analgesic agents (ibuprofen type)
-rubicin antineoplastic antibiotics (daunorubiein type)
-sartan angiotensin II receptor antagonist
-sertron serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist
-sulfa antibiotics (sulfonamide derivatives)
-terol bronchodilators
-thiazide diuretics (thiazide diuretics)
-tiazem calcium channel blockers (diltiazem derivatives)
-tocin oxytocin derivatives
-trexate antimetabolites (folic acid derivatives)
-triptyline antidepressants
-vastatin antihyperlipidemics (HMG-CoA inhibitors)
Homeostasis
- the state of equilibrium of the body
Neurotransmitter
- chemical released by nerves that interact with receptors to cause an effect
Blocker
- another term for antagonist drug, because antagonist block the action of neurotransmitters
Mimetic
- another term for an agonist, because agonists imitate, or "mimic", the action of the neurotransmitter
Type of Analgesics
- salicylates
- NSAIDs
- non-aspirin, non-NSAID
- opiates
Type of Anesthetic Agents
- local and general
Type of Anti-infectives
- antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals
- antimycobacterials, antiprotozoals, anthelmintics
Analgesic drugs create a state called analgesia.
Analgesia
- a state in which pain is not felt even though a painful condition exist.
Antipyretic
- reduces fever
Common Analgesic Drugs
TYPE ----------------------------- BRAND ------------------- GENERIC
Salicylates Bayer acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
Non-aspirin, non-NSAID Tylenol, Ofirmev acetaminophen
NSAID Motrin, Advil ibuprofen
NSAID Naprosyn naproxen
Opiates MS Contin morphine
Opiates Demerol meperidine
Salicylates
- relieves mild to moderate pain
- anti-inflammatory
- antipyretic
Acetaminophen (non-aspirin, non-NSAID)
- relieves mild to moderate pain
- antipyretic
NSAID (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug)
- more potent than salicylates
- relieve mild to moderate pain
- anti-inflammatory
- antipyretic
Opiate-type
- for severe pain
- addicting
Anesthetics cause an absence of sensation or pain.
Local anesthetics block pain conduction from peripheral nerves to the central nervous system (brain and stem) without causing a loss of consciousness.
General anesthetics depress the central nervous system to the level of unconsciousness
Common Local Anesthetic
TYPE ----------- BRAND ----------- GENERIC
Ester Novocain procaine
Ester n/a tetracaine
Amide Xylocaine lidocaine
Amide Marcaine bupivacaine
Other Sucrets dyclonine
* Cocaine first recognized local anesthetic. Schedule II.
Common General Anesthetics
TYPE ----------- BRAND ---------- GENERIC
inhalation Forane isoflurane
inhalation Ultane sevoflurane
inhalation Suprane desflurane
IV Diprivan propofol
IV Valium diazepam
IV Amidate etomidate
Four Stages of General Anesthesia
Stage 1 - Analgesia
-- euphoria with loss of pain and consciousness
Stage 2 - Excitement
-- increase in sympathetic nervous system effects such as blood pressure, heart and respiratory rate
Stage 3 - Surgical Anesthesia
-- the stage of anesthesia in which surgery can be safely conducted
Stage 4 - Medullary Paralysis
-- an overdose of anesthesia that paralyzes the respiratory and heart centers of the medulla, leading to death
Anti-infectives treat disease produced by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and parasitic worms.
Other forms of anti-infectives include:
- antimycobacterials (agents that treat tuberculosis, leprosy, and the MAC complex in AIDS)
- antiprotozoals (agents that treat malaria, vaginitis, and sleeping sickness)
- anthelmintics (agents that treat parasitic worms in the GI tract)
Types of antibiotic action
- damage bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins)
- modify protein synthesis (erythromycin and tetracycline)
- modify energy metabolism (sulfonamides)
- modify DNA synthesis (ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin)
Classes of Anti-infectives
- antibiotics (antimicrobials)
>>> suppress growth of other microorganisms
>>> Alexander Fleming, penicillin
>>> can either be bacteriostatic (inhibit bacterial growth or bactericidal (bacteria killing)
- antivirals
>>> inhibit the replication of viruses
>>> protease inhibitors - an antiviral used for HIV and hepatitis C that blocks the enzyme responsible for viral replication
- antifungals
>>> treat fungal infections
>>> fungal cell is destroyed as the drug prevents cell permeability and nutrition
Antineoplastics inhibit the new growth of cancer cells or neoplasms.
Neoplasm
- a new and abnormal tissue growth, often referring to cancer cells
Malignancy means a life threatening, cancerous group of cells or tumor is present.
Metastasis - when cancer cells spread beyond their original site.
Remission - a state in which cancer cells are inactive
Lymphocyte
- a type of white blood cells that helps the body defend against bacteria and diseased cells
Class of Antineoplastics
- Antimetabolites
>>> inhibit cell growth and replication by mimicking natural metabolites and taking their place within the cells. Fake metabolites inhibit the synthesis of important cellular enzymes, including DNA
- Alkylating agents
>>> interfere with mitosis or cell division by binding with DNA and preventing cellular replication
- Plant Alkaloids
>>> derived from natural products or semisynthetically produced using natural products, some of these drugs inhibit the enzyme topoisomerase
>>> Topoisomerase is required for molecular cell growth or mitosis and therefore certain plants alkaloids interfere with cellular DNA replication
- Hormones
>>> hormone therapy can be used to treat certain cancers that require hormones to grow. Hormone therapy works by preventing cancer cells from using the hormones they need to grow
- Antitumor Antibiotics
>>> drugs that interact directly with cancer cells to prevent the DNA from functioning normally
- Radioactive Isotopes
>>> used to kill cancer cells in a targeted area
Same Common Antineoplastics
TYPE ------------------------------------------ BRAND ---------------- GENERIC
Antimetabolite n/a fluorouracil
Antimetabolite Rheumatrex methotrexate
Alkylating agent/nitrogen mustard Mustargen mechlorethamine
Alkylating agent/nitrosurea BiCNU carmustine
Plant alkaloid n/a vincristine
Plant alkaloid n/a vinblastine
Cardiovascular agents include antianginals, antiarrhythmics, antihypertensives, vasopressors, antihyperlipidemics, thrombolytics, and anticoagulants
Arrhythmia
- an abnormal heart rhythm
Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)
- a graph of the heart's rhythms
Cardiac cycle
- the contraction and relaxation of the heart that pumps blood through the cardiovascular system
Myocardium
- heart muscle
Thrombus
- a blood clot
Embolism, Embolus
- a clot that has traveled in the bloodstream to a point where it obstructs flow; blood clot
Systolic Pressure
- the maximum blood pressure when the heart contracts; the first number in a blood pressure reading
Diastolic Pressure
- the minimum blood pressure when the heart relaxes; the second number in a blood pressure reading
Classes of Cardiovascular Agents by mechanism of action
- beta blockers
>>> reduce the oxygen demands of the heart muscle
>>> used to treat high blood pressure or arrhythmias
- calcium channel blockers
>>> relax the heart by reducing heart conduction
>>> used to treat high blood pressure or arrhythmias
- diuretics
>>> decrease blood pressure by decreasing blood volume
>>> decrease volume by increasing the elimination of salts and water through urination
- ACE inhibitors
>>> "-pril" drugs, ace inhibitors relax the blood vessels
- vasodilators
>>> relax and expand the blood vessels
Some Common Cardiovascular Drugs by Mechanism of Action
TYPE ------------------------------ BRAND ------------------- GENERIC
beta blocker n/a propranolol
beta blocker tenormin atenolol
beta blocker corgard nadolol
beta blocker Lopressor metoprolol
calcium channel blocker calan verapamil
calcium channel blocker Norvasc amlodipine
calcium channel blocker Procardia nifedipine
calcium channel blocker Cardizem diltiazem
diuretics Lasix furosemide
diuretics microzide hydrochlorothiazide
diuretics Aldactone spironolactone
ACE inhibitor capoten captopril
ACE inhibitor Vasotec enalapril
ACE inhibitor Zestril lisinopril
vasodilator n/a hydralazine
Dermatologicals refers to a drug used to treat a condition or disease related to the skin
Integumentary system
- the body covering, ie, skin, hair, and nails
Electrolytes are water soluble substances that conduct an electric current as salts
Immune Globulins
- Pathogens for which animal antibodies may be used for immune globulins:
>>> Diphtheria (using Antitoxin, USP)
>>> Rabies (using Antirabies serum)
>>> Botulism
>>> Black Widow Spider Venom
- Human antibodies are used in immune globulins in the treat of:
>>> measles
>>> pertussis
>>> mumps
>>> tetanus
>>> hepatitis A and B
Rheumatoid arthritis
- a disease in which the body's immune system attacks joint tissue
Gout
- a painful inflammatory condition in which excess uric acid accumulates in the joints
Uricosuric drugs
- drugs used to treat gout that increase the elimination of uric acid
Osteoarthritis
- a disorder characterized by weight bearing bone deterioration, decreasing rate of motion and causing pain and deformity
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