Ecology Ch. 21

Milne’s study of Admiralty Island’s coastline found that length of the coast decreased as the length of the “ruler” increased

Which three of the following are considered to be distinct to landscape ecology? Interdisciplinary; spatial heterogeneity across scales; includes human activity

Match the organism to its “environmental engineering” effect

Drought refugees: alligators

Soil development: termites; kangaroo rats

Grassland conversion: elephants

The perennial plant Ambrosia deltoidea (genus and species) dominates the soils of the middle to late Pleistocene in the bajadas region

During Webster’s study, the change in lake level during a drought period depended upon where the lake was in the hydrologic flow. Rank the following locations, from greatest to least, based upon the change in lake level that occurred during the drought. Middle; upper; bottom

The matrix is the element within a landscape mosaic that is considered to be the most spatially continuous

Which of the following characteristics of landscape elements would define landscape structure? Position; size; shape; composition

The distinctive area of ecological conditions and higher species richness on either side of an ecotone is known as the edge effect

Which of the following are ways that humans have cut the connections between rivers and their flood plains? Channelization; dams; levees; flow diversion

The role of humans and human disturbance has been incorporated into landscape ecology from the beginning

Match the plant type with the soils where they are most abundant in the bajadas region.

Larrea – Holocene and early Pleistocene

Ambrosia – middle to late Pleistocene

Other perennials – eroded Pleistocene

Landscape ecology is the study of the relationship between spatial pattern and ecological process

Which of the following of the geologic processes are the primary source of landscape structure? Erosion; volcanism; sedimentation

Which of the following are ways that floods modify the riverine landscape? Creating channels; silt deposition; isolating lakes; increased decomposition

Organisms that change the physical environment and influence landscape structure are known as ecosystem engineers

Which of the following processes are responsible for the distinctive landforms of the Sonoran Desert bajadas? Erosion; deposition

Haddad and Baum found that corridors increased the frequency of movement of butterflies between patches

The restricted movement of organisms between habitats resulting from an increase in habitat fragmentation may result in local population extinction

Originally, the Kissimmee River was a braided channel flowing southward into Lake Okeechobee

Hanski et al found that butterfly populations increased with patch area

Ecosystem engineers are organisms that can alter the physical environments suffieciently to influence changes in which of the following? Landscapes; ecosystems; communities

Rivers and their associated flood plains are connected through floods

Edges of habitats that are characterized by transitions of physical and biological characteristics with the adjacent habitat are known as ecotones

Which of the following are environmental changes resulting from kangaroo rat burrows? Modification of soil structure; alteration of the distribution of plants; alteration of soil nutrients

Benoit Mandelbrot developed fractal geometry as a method for describing the dimensions of natural objects

The study of fragmentation by Hanski et al studied butterflies in a landscape that contained which of the following habitats? Cultivated fields; woods; small farms; pastures

Which of the following research projects would be considered to be within the field of landscape ecology? Foraging behavior of sheep on a hillslope; transmission of a pathogen along a river corridor

The process of reconnecting rivers to their flood plains is known as river restoration

Within a landscape, patches form the mosaic that is called landscape structure

The focus of the Haddad and Baum study on patches was to examine the role of corridors on organism movement

Geological processes such as volcanism, sedimentation and erosion are the primary source of landscape structure. TRUE

The food plant used by the butterflies generally occurs in only which of the following habitats? Pasture; meadows

Which of the following did Naiman propose for the increased nutrient storage in beaver impoundments? Alteration of biogeochemical cycles; entrapment of eroded materials; capture of nutrients formerly used by plants

Haddad and Baum created patches by cutting forest in order to study butterfly movement

The area of mathematics that is used to quantify the structure of complex natural shapes in known as fractal geometry

The Kissimmee River would often flood 94% of its flood plain for six months and would remain flooded for periods of up to four years

Within landscape ecology, a homogeneous area that differs from surrounding areas is known as a patch

Which of the following are ways that water managers will change landscape structure and process as part of the Kissimmee River restoratiorn? Recreate complex channel networks; reestablish flood plains; restore river-floodplain connections; restore flood pulses

Discontinuities in a habitat, often the result of disturbance, that can result in restricting the movement of organisms within habitats is known as fragmentation

Hanski et al found that the best measure of patch isolation was a combination of which of the following factors? Distance between patches; number of butterflies in a patch

Which of the following describes the species found in ecotones? They are unique to the ecotone; there are a mix of species from the adjacent habitats

Which of the following are the result of beaver activity on the landscape? Nutrient trapping; altered hydrology; increased wetlands; forest patchiness

The Veluwe was originally dominated by mixed forests

Which of the following within landscape structure influence the movement of organisms between habitats? Size; number; isolation

In general, you would expect species richness of ecotones to be greater than that of the adjacent habitats

Which of the following are landscape characteristics that differed between sites in the Bowers and Burgess study? Number of forest patches; patch shapes; total forest cover; patch area

In their study of fragmentation in prairie grasslands, Diffendorfer et al used mowing to create habitat patches of differing sizes

In his study of Admiralty Island coastline, Milne based his “big” ruler on the distance between bald eagle nests

The demand for flood control on the Kissimmee River was driven by flooding and population growth

Which of the following did Naiman propose for the increased nutrient storage in beaver impoundments? Entrapment of eroded materials; capture of nutrients formerly used by plants; alteration of biogeochemical cycles

Minnich hypothesized that the difference in landscape structure between southern California and Baja California is the result of a difference in fire history

In Webster’s study, the combined concentrations of the cations Ca2+ and Mg2+ increased most in the lakes of which region of the hydrologic flow system? Lower

The changes in land cover in Veluwe Netherlands are most similar to those of the US Northeast resulting in an increase of forest cover

Overall, the results from the Diffendorfer et al study were supportive with respect to their original hypotheses

Based upon Milne’s fractal analysis, the coastline of Admiralty Island that an eagle “sees” is less than that “seen” by a barnacle

The location of a lake within a hydrologic flow system is known as its landscape position

Flood control on the Kissimmee resulted in a reduction in the populations of waterfowl and sport fish

In general, McAuliffe found that in the bajadas, the oldest soils were found at the southern end of the range

The activities of beaver increase the extent of wetlands in the landscape

Minnich found that between 1972 and 1980 the total burned area in southern California was similar to that in Baja California

During the course of their study, Hanski et al observed several populations go extinct. These occurred on small patches with small populations

Webster et al concluded that the increased mass of cations in the lakes at the lower end of the hydrologic system was the result of increased ground and surface water flows

Fire suppression in southern California increased as a result of urbanization

In Bowers and Burgerss’ patch shape formula: the “P” term represents patch perimeter

In the Kabetogama Peninsula, beaver activity resulted in an increased of nutrient entrapment in impoundments

In a pilot study for Kissimmee River restoration, it was found that fish requiring higher levels of dissolved oxygen responded in which manner? Positively

In fragmented habitats, organisms were predicted to move longer distances in order to find mates, food and cover

According to Naiman, the loss of forest vegetation near beaver impoundments would result in an increase in nutrient capture

During the period between 1831 and 1950 the area of forest increased due to regrowth on abandoned farms in Cadiz, Wisconsin. FALSE

As a result of early human activity, the Veluwe became dominated by healthlands

Minnich found that between 1972 and 1980 the number of large burns in southern California was greater than that in Baja California

In general, flood control on the Kissimmee River resulted in a transition from rivering species to those typically found in lakes

In general, McAuliffe found that in the bajadas, the age of the soils decreased when moving south to north

The focus of Diffendorfer et al research on prairie fragmentation were rodents

The difference in coast length “seen” by barnacles and eagles is a result of a difference in their rulers

Studies on patches and corridors found that corridors increased rates of pollination in plants

In Bower and Burgess’ patch shape formula, when S = 1, the patch is circular in shape

The red color of the argillic soils is the result of iron being deposited during periods of intermittent wetting

From the beginning of the beavers’ reintroduction until 1988, the landscape of the Kabetogama Peninsular changed from being dominated by boreal forests to complex habitat mosaic

A hardpan soil layer formed by the precipitation of CaCO3 is known as caliche

In Bower and Burgess’ patch shape formula, patches with a more elongate shape will have a value of S > 1

The red color of the argillic soils is the result of a buildup of oxidized iron