Biological Principles 2 -- 56.LS

A reproductive strategy in which the organism produces all their offspring in a single reproductive event is called semelparity.

Which of the following statements about continuous iteroparity are correct?

·         Individuals reproduce repeatedly and at any time of the year

·         Populations do not have distinct generations

Correctly pair each type of survivorship curve with its characteristics.

·         Type 1: most individuals die late in life

·         Type 2: uniform rate of decline

·         Type 3: huge decline in young

Rank the following components of land use in developed countries from the largest at the top to the smallest at the bottom.

1.       Energy

2.       Food

3.       Forestry

When individuals are arbitrarily spaced within a population, the dispersion pattern is said to be random.

Which of the following accurately describe the following features of K-selected species?

·         Lifespan: long

·         Mortality rate: usually low

·         Size of offspring: large

Which of the following organisms would display a type 1 survivorship curve?

·         Elephants

·         Polar bears

A population with a per capita growth declining to zero would begin to approach its carrying capacity.

The mean period between birth of females and birth of their offspring is called the generation time.

Which of the following organisms would likely display a type 2 survivorship curve? Reptiles and birds

Match the survivorship curve to its description.

·         Type 1: parents have few young and invest much time and resources into raising their young

·         Type 2: parents have several young over their lifetime investing a small amount of time into raising their young

·         Type 3: parents have large numbers of offspring per event and invest little to no time in their young

A line transect is a sampling technique in which a string is stretched along the ground in a straight line between two poles and any organism along its length is counted.

Which of the following accurately defines density-independent mortality factors? Factors for which mortality remains unchanged in response to population density.

Select all traits that ecologist would incorporate into a life history strategy.

·         Speed of maturation

·         Competitive ability

·         Dispersal ability

·         Length of life

Which of the following would be most likely method used by ecologists to determine density of clonal individuals? Estimating the amount of ground covered by clonal plants

Emigration is the movement of individuals out a specific area.

Density-independent factors include which of the following?

·         Fire

·         Hard freeze

Match the description of type of country to its replacement rate.

·         Developing country: replacement rate is between 2.5 and 3.3

·         Developed country: replacement rate is 2.1

Population ecology is the study of factors affecting population size and how these factors change over space and time.

When a population’s size does not change over time, the population is exhibiting zero population growth.

A quadrat is a square frame used to outline an area for population density estimates.

Select all of the following factors that are density-dependent factors.

·         Competition

·         Parasitism

·         Predation

The rate of offspring production for females of a certain age is called the age-specific fertility rate.

The shift in birth and death rates accompanying development is called demographic transition.

The population growth rate per generation is called the net reproduction rate.

Inverse density-dependent factors are mortality factors that decrease mortality as population growth increase.

The mark-recapture technique is a sampling method in which animals are captures, tagged, released, and recaptured to estimate population density.

The movement of individuals into an area is called immigration.

Rapid population growth occurring when per capita growth rate remains above zero is called exponential growth.

The age-specific fertility rate is the rate if offspring production for females of a certain age, whereas the net reproductive rate is the average number of offspring born to all females of all ages.

Logistic growth occurs when population growth slows down as K is approached, whereas exponential growth occurs when population growth increases by some constant factor.

Organisms that grow in patches of genetically identical individuals are called clonal.

The average number of live births a woman has in her lifetime is called the total fertility rate

Population density is the number of organisms in a given unit area or volume.

Match the method used by ecologists to the type of data collected.

·         Population growth: field census

·         Carrying capacity: data collection of resource availability

·         Population growth rate: census of births and deaths per unit of time

Correctly pair the species with the sampling method used to determine population density.

·         Suction traps: flying insects

·         Pitfall traps: small lizards

·         Sweep nets: caterpillars

·         Mist nets: birds

·         Live traps: mice

Dispersion refers to the spatial distribution of organisms within a population.

A population’s growth would be limited as the density of that population increases because of density-dependent factors.

A group of organisms of the same age is called a cohort.

The rate of offspring production for females of a certain age is called the age-specific fertility rate.

Biological Principles 2 -- 54.LS

What is a main limiting abiotic factor that affects plant growth in aquatic environments because it is necessary for photosynthesis? Light

In an aquatic habitat, the photic zone occurs near the surface of the water where light is sufficient for photosynthesis.

Much of the temperate deciduous forest is destroyed because human population used them for: development, agriculture.

Which of the following regions is at around 30ºS and 30ºN? subtropical

Rank the steps of the scientific methods, from start to finish.

1.       Observations

2.       Hypothesis formation

3.       Experimentation

4.       Data analysis

5.       Acceptance or rejection of hypothesis

Match each term with its definition. The term is the osmotic state of the organism relative to its surroundings.

·         Hyperosmotic: having a higher concentration of ions

·         Hypoosmotic: having a lower concentration of ions

Select all acids that are typically formed in rain droplets. Nitric acid and sulfuric acid

As air heats up, it rises, allowing cooler air to rush in and take its place. This temperature gradient creates wind.

The change in species composition and community structure over time is called succession.

Animal in temperate deciduous forest are adapted to its climate. Match the animal to the correct adaptation.

·         Birds: migration

·         Insects: diapause

·         Mammals: hibernation

List the steps in the production of the greenhouse effect, starting with sunlight penetrating the Earth’s atmosphere.

1.       Short-wave radiation from the sun passes through the atmosphere and heats the surface of the Earth.

2.       Long-wave infrared radiation is radiated from the Earth into the atmosphere.

3.       Atmospheric gases absorb infrared radiation and radiate it back to the Earth’s surface.

4.       Infrared energy causes global temperatures to rise further.

After conducting observations, ecologists carry out experiments to test their hypotheses.

Why are temperate deciduous forest biomes favorable for agriculture after clearing? Annual leaf drop promotes high soil nutrient levels.

Select all components of climate that also influence the distribution and abundance of organisms.

·         Temperature

·         Precipitation

·         Wind

·         Light

Select all steps used in conducting an experiment using the scientific method.

·         Observation

·         Statistical analysis

·         Acceptance or rejection of hypothesis

Arrange the following levels of organization in the correct sequence from least inclusive (i.e. fewest number of organisms) to most inclusive.

1.       Individual

2.       Population

3.       Community

4.       Ecosystem

Match the greenhouse gases with their major human-made sources.

·         Carbon dioxide: fossil fuel use, deforestation

·         Methane: rice paddles, landfills, biomass burning, coal and gas exploitation

·         Nitrous oxide: cultivated soil, fossil fuel use, automobiles, and industry

·         Chlorofluorocarbon: aerosol propellants

What biome is made up of marshes, swamps, or bogs? Wetlands.

At a soil pH of 5.2 or less, nitrifying bacteria do not function properly, preventing organic matter from decomposing.

Select all of the following that describe invasive species.

·         They have escaped their natural enemies by being moved to a new location.

·         They typically out compete native species.

·         They spread aggressively.

Biogeography is the study of the geographic distribution of extinct and living species.

Which greenhouse gas has increased as a result of fossil fuel use and deforestation by humans? Carbon dioxide.

Select the following global patterns that are influenced by solar energy.

·         Atmospheric circulation

·         Precipitation

Water acts as a solvent for chemical reactions, is the means by which animals eliminate waste, and is used for support in plants.

Place the events that lead to the formation of a convection cell in order, starting with the heating of air at the equator.

1.       High temperatures at the equator cause the surface air to heat up

2.       The warm air rises and cools the land by convection

3.       As the air cools, it becomes less buoyant

4.       The cooled air moves toward the poles and falls back to Earth

Match each greenhouse gas with its natural source.

·         Carbon dioxide: volcanoes

·         Methane: swamps

·         Nitrous oxide: soils

·         Chlorofluorocarbons: none

Which of the following human activities affects the temperate coniferous forest?

·         Logging

·         Exploration and development of oil and natural gas reserves

Match each hemisphere to the direction of flow of its major ocean currents.

·         Northern: clockwise

·         Southern: counterclockwise

The pH of water can be classified as acidic, alkaline, or neutral.

What form of solar radiation passes through the atmosphere to initially heat the surface of the Earth? Short-wave energy

The osmotic balance of aquatic animals can be greatly affected by the: salt concentration in the water.

What are the two subdisciplines of organismal ecology? Behavioral and physiological

What is the most important abiotic factor in the distribution of organism? Temperature

Select the human activities that have had an effect on temperate coniferous forests.

·         Development of oil reserves

·         Development of natural gas reserves

·         Logging

Although corals are animals, they are limited to the photic zone, where light penetrates, because of the presence of photosynthetic algae that inhabit their inner cell layer.

List the steps in the production of the greenhouse effect, starting with sunlight penetrating the Earth’s atmosphere.

1.       Short-wave radiation from the sun passes through the atmosphere and heats the surface of the Earth

2.       Long-wave infrared radiation is radiated from the Earth into the atmosphere

3.       Atmospheric gases absorb infrared radiation and radiate it back to the Earth’s surface

4.       Infrared energy causes global temperatures to rise further

The greenhouse effect is a natural occurring warming of the earth due to atmospheric gases trapping and radiating infrared energy; without this effect, global temperatures would be too low to sustain life.

Compared to rivers, oceans contain considerably more dissolved minerals because:

·         The sun evaporates pure water from ocean surfaces

·         Oceans continually receive the nutrient-rich waters of rivers

Match the coloration of aquatic plants with their depth and color absorption.

·         Green: surface; absorb red and blue light

·         Red: deep water; blue-green light is utilized efficiently

Biome type relies on climate, except on mountain ranges, where temperature and precipitation change dramatically with changes in elevation.

Climate includes the temperature, wind, precipitation, and light patterns in a region of the world and affects the distribution and abundance of organisms in that region.

Branch of organismal ecology that studies adaptation of organism to their environment is: physiological ecology

Select all of the following that accurately describe effects of water on organisms.

·         Excess water drowns plants

·         Insufficient water limits animal abundance

·         Insufficient water limits plant growth

Why do oceans contain more dissolved minerals than rivers? They continually receive the nutrient-rich waters of rivers.

Which of the following observations provide evidence of global warming?

·         Widespread melting of snow and ice

·         Increased ocean temperatures

·         Rising average global sea levels

Locust density decreases as predation increases. This is an example of negative correlation.

Which of the following organisms resides on the surfaces of leaves and triggers the formation of ice crystals? Bacteria

The focus of community ecology is to determine the basis of differences in species richness.

Select ways that global warming might affect plant and animal life.

·         Habitat for species will shift toward the poles

·         The current geographic areas of species will shrink

·         Many species will be driven to extinction

Match the following interactions with their components in an interaction web of factors that influence locust population size.

·         Abiotic factors: temperature, rainfall, wind, and soil pH

·         Natural enemies: predators and parasites

·         Competitors: vertebrate grazers

Temperature is the most important factor in the distribution of organisms because: most organisms cannot regulate their body temperature precisely

Choose all of the following that are types of species interactions studied in population ecology.

·         Competition

·         Predation

·         Parasitism

What us the biome in which the land meets the sea, and is alternately submerged and exposed by the daily cycle of tides? Intertidal zone

Select all human activities that affect tropical rain forests.

·         Logging land for agriculture

·         Clearing land for cattle

Statistically significant differences between an experimental group and a control group data are not likely to have occurred by random chance.

What aquatic habitat is especially likely to undergo eutrophication due to agricultural runoff? Lentic

Ecologists are concerned that human activities are increasing the greenhouse effect and causing global warming, a gradual elevation of the Earth’s surface temperature.

Select all of the following that are higher in the headwaters of a river than in its lower reaches.

·         Oxygen level

·         Clarity

·         Speed of current

Select all possible effects of high temperatures on proteins.

·         They unfold

·         They bind to other proteins

Why don’t temperatures keep increasing with decreasing latitudes near the equator? Cloudiness and rain educe average temperatures

Choose all abiotic factors that limit distribution patterns and abundance of organisms.

·         Wind

·         Water

·         Temperature

·         Salinity

In a cold desert biome, agriculture is hampered by low temperatures and rainfall.

The study of the physiological response of an organism to its environment and the impact of the environment on species distribution is called: organismal ecology

The increase in the average temperature of Earth’s atmosphere and oceans is called global warming, and it is caused by a process known as the greenhouse effect.

Which of the following are broad terrestrial biomes?

·         Savanna

·         Tropical deciduous forest

·         Tundra

·         Tropical rain forest

Temperature, wind, precipitation, and light are components of climate, the prevailing weather pattern of a given region.

Which of the following areas of study focuses on the flow of energy, cycling of chemicals, exchange of energy, and exchange of materials between organisms? Ecosystem ecology

Select the effects of high temperatures on corals.

·         Algae that live within coral in a symbiotic relationship die

·         Coral loses its color, known as coral bleaching

Which of the following describe the physical environment of a temperate rain forest?

·         Occasionally temperatures drop below freezing in the winter

·         Rainfall is abundant

·         Water from dense coastal fogs condenses

Extraction of oil from the tundra biome has the potential to have a significant impact, and ecosystem recovery from the damage would be slow.

Match each freshwater habitat type to its correct description.

·         Lentic: standing-water

·         Lotic: running-water

In order for photosynthesis to occur, in addition to gases such as carbon dioxide and water, there also must be light

Population ecology focuses on groups of interbreeding individuals in an attempt to understand factors that determine group size and density.