How can water enter
reservoirs in the hydrologic cycle?
Subsurface flow;
precipitation; surface flow
Polar ice caps are
water reservoirs. TRUE
Which is the largest
type of global water reservoir?
Oceans form the largest
reservoir for the global hydrologic cycle.
Match the major ocean
basin with its general location.
Borders the western
side of the United States = Pacific Ocean
Borders the eastern
side of the United States = Atlantic Ocean
Border the eastern side
of Africa and western side of Australia = Indian Ocean
Approximately 80% of
the solar energy striking the ocean is absorbed within the first 10 meters.
Blue
wavelengths of light are most likely scattered back to our eyes, giving the
ocean a blue color.
A thermocline is a layer of water through which temperature changes
rapidly with depth.
One way the deep water
can be moved to the surface is through a process called upwelling. An example would be along the west coasts of continents
or around Antarctica.
The amount of salt
dissolved in water is called salinity.
Tiny photosynthetic
organisms that drift with the currents are called phytoplankton while their animal counterparts are called zooplanktons.
Due to human killing
and a decline in krill (zooplankton) population, which marin organism suffered
great loss in numbers? Whales
How does high tide
affect light intensity?
It is reduced because
of higher water turbulence.
Which of the following
is not true concerning tides?
The sun has a greater
gravitational pull on the water.
Following are TRUE:
Spring tides occur when
there is the greatest fluctuation in high to low tides.
Maximum tidal
fluctuations occur when the sun, moon, and earth are in alignment.
The moon is closer to
the earth than the sun and has a greater effect on tides.
Minimal tidal
fluctuations are called neap tides.
Shell middens are evidence that intertidal areas
have been used for harvesting of organisms such as clams and mussels for food
for many thousands of years.
The mouth of a river,
where it empties into an ocean, gulf, or other marine habitat is called an estuary.
Salt marsh
is an example of a transition between land and sea.
What function may tidal
currents play in salt marshes and mangrove forests?
They may break up and
transport plant litter.
There is a high demand and low supply for coastal property, such as that near salt marshes.
Oxygen content of water
is inversely related to temperature.
The Amazon River basin:
displays the great biodiversity
characteristic of tropical rivers.
Which of the following is
not a result of human actions on rivers?
Improvement of
migratory pathways for fish.
Is a result:
interruption of the natural flow of rivers; alteration of water temperatures;
pollution.
A lake is a topographic depression in the landscape that collects
water.
Most of the world’s
freshwater is present in a few large bodies of water called lakes.
A lake with high
biological production that is often oxygen-depleted is called eutrophic
Zebra mussels: are an introduced species in the Great
Lakes.
Turnover
time is the amount of time required for the entire volume of a water reservoir
to be renewed.
How much of the earth’s
surface is covered by water? 71%
The oceanic zone is the region beyond the
continental shelf.
Great circulation
systems that involve large expanses of open ocean are called gyres. They move to the right in the
Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
Why are the proportions
of the major ions in the oceans relatively constant around the globe?
There is continuous and
vigorous mixing of the world’s oceans.
Oxygen levels tend to decrease as the ocean depth increases,
until around 1000 meters.
The epipelagic zone in the ocean contains
organisms able to do photosynthesis.
Approximately 50% of the total photosynthesis in the
biosphere occurs in the oceans.
Kelp forests and coral
reefs are typically found: in shallow
waters along continents and around islands.
Match the type of coral
reef to its description.
Fringing reef = near
the shore of a continent or island
Barrier reef = located
some distance off the shore of a continent or island
Atoll = formed from a
submerged oceanic island and ring a lagoon
The stem or stipes of kelp extend from the canopy
of the kelp forest to the seafloor.
Pollution,
including nutrient enrichment from human populations, is a growing threat to
coral reefs.
Food additives and
fertilizer are made from kelp that
grow in the ocean, however the harvested material is quickly replaced by
growth.
The high rate of
primary productivity of coral reefs is due to the mutually beneficial
association with zooxanthellae
algae.
Coral reefs are more vulnerable to over-harvesting than
kelp forests.
Exposed shores
are battered by the full force of ocean waves.
Shores on the inside of
headlands or in coves and bays are called sheltered
shores.
The highest portion of
the intertidal zone is called the: splash
zone
One of the two most
important water movements that affect the distribution and abundance of
intertidal organisms are tides,
changes in water level throughout the day.
Semidiurnal
tides occur when there are two high tides and two low tides per day.
A single low and high
tide each day is called a diurnal
tide.
Put the ocean basins in
order from smallest to largest, with the smallest at the top.
Indian Ocean; Atlantic
Ocean; Pacific Ocean
Habitats on the bottom
of the ocean are called benthic.
Why is surface water
warmer than deeper water?
Higher kinetic energy
of water molecules decreases the density of the water.
Warmer water is less
dense than colder water.
The velocity of water
molecules at the surface is higher.
Rank the following
bodies of water from greatest duration and amount of thermal stratification to least.
Tropical Ocean; Temperate Ocean; High
Latitude Ocean
Which of the following
would have the highest salinity water?
Latitudes from 20
degrees to 30 degrees north and south
Marin environments
support greater numbers of animal
phyla compared to terrestrial environments.
Coral reefs are
located: between 30 degrees north and
south
Temperatures above
about 29 Celsius are usually lethal
to reef-building corals
Kelp beds are more tolerant to changes in salinity,
such as those caused by terrestrial runoff, compared to corals.
Intertidal zones
are exposed to air once or twice per
day, which can affect their temperatures.
Intertidal organisms
are adapted to amphibious
lifestyles, meaning that they are partly marine, and partly terrestrial. The
amount of time they are exposed or submerged varies depending on which region
of the intertidal zone they occupy.
Which of the following
would be examples of organisms that might be attached or cling to rock surfaces
on a rocky shore? Sea stars; seaweeds;
mussels; barnacles
Meandering tidal creeks are characteristic of salt
marshes.
Which of the following
is one of the two most important water movements that affect the distribution
and abundance of intertidal organisms? Waves
that break on the shore
Solar energy absorbed
by water increases the kinetic
energy of water molecules
Temperatures in
estuaries, salt marshes, and mangrove forests: are highly variable
Estuaries, salt
marshes, and mangrove forests generally experience full sunlight at low tide and little
light at high tide.
Which of the following
is true concerning salinity in estuaries, salt marshes, and mangrove forests? It may fluctuate greatly, especially where
river flow and tides are substantial
Mangrove forests are
mainly composed of mangrove trees.
These organisms are often from many different genera.
Breaking down of
organic matter, also known as decomposition,
can deplete dissolved oxygen in estuaries, salt marshes, and mangrove forests.
Which of the following
is not true of estuaries or salt marshes?
The number of organisms
found in these habitats is usually low.
Following are TRUE:
They are often
nurseries for young organisms.
Many of the insects
found in estuaries are from freshwater ancestors.
The organisms that live
there often have marine ancestors.
A riparian zone is the
transitional are between the active
river channel and the terrestrial environment.
River basins are
separated from each other by high points of land called watersheds
A way of classifying
streams and rivers by where they occur in a drainage network is called stream order
Which of the following
is not true concerning the clarity of river water?
Clear streams are
generally less turbid than clear lakes or seas.
Following are TRUE:
Inorganic runoff from
the landscape can affect the clarity of the water.
River turbulence that
causes erosion can lessen the clarity of the water.
Organic runoff and
organic debris can lessen the clarity of the water.
The hyporheic zone is below the benthic zone of a river
habitat.
The phreatic zone of a river habitat
contains groundwater.
Outside of the river
channel, the transition between the aquatic environment and the terrestrial
environment is called the riparian
zone.
The most consistent
levels of river flow are often found in forests called temperate forests, because precipitation levels are relatively even
year-round.
The flood pulse
concept: describes how the health of
rivers depends upon keeping the historical natural flow regime for a region
The river ecosystem synthesis contrasts with the
river continuum concept, in that it takes into account that water flow and
river structure do not smoothly change along the course of a river.
The cold, dark waters
below the thermocline of a lake are part of the: hypolimnion
Most of the world’s
freshwater is present in a few large bodies of water called lakes
In most temperate lakes
around November (in the northern hemisphere), the temperature: is equalized from top to bottom
The lake is likely to be deep and have low primary production
The biological integrity concept proposes that a
healthy aquatic community is one similar to communities in undisturbed habitats
in the same region
For the Index of
Biological Integrity, the trophic
composition is an analysis of the dietary habits of fish in the community.
As aquatic systems are
damaged, the Index of Biological Integrity suggests that the percentage of omnivores increases, while the
percentages of the other two trophic groups decrease.
Which of the following
is not an indicator of poor environmental quality as assessed by the Index of
Biological Integrity? Low oxygen levels
Indicator of poor environmental
quality: fin damage; skeletal deformities; disease in fish
Lakes that appear deep
green: tend to have high primary
production rates
Which of the following
is true concerning oxygen levels in intertidal zones?
It does not generally
limit the distribution of organisms.
Most organisms get some
exposure to oxygen at each low tide.
Salinity in tide pools varies much more than in the
open ocean
Which of the following
is incorrect concerning mangrove forests?
They are insensitive to
colder conditions, such as frost.
Following are TRUE:
They are most likely to
be found in tropical and subtropical latitudes.
They can be associated
with savannahs.
The trees have prop
roots that are adapted to low and high tide conditions.
