ss = 1/2
I = 1
V = 5
X = 10
L = 50
C = 100
D = 500
M = 1000
Rule 1 = when the second of two letters has a value equal to or smaller than that of the first, add their values together
XX = 10 + 10 = 20 DC = 500 + 100 = 600 LXVI = 50 + 10 + 5 + 1 = 66
Rule 2 = when the second of two letters has a value greater than that of the first, subtract the smaller from the larger
IX = 10 - 1 = 9 XXXIX = 30 + 9 = 39 XC = 100 - 10 = 90
Positional notation
- a system used in Roman numerals whereby the position of the numeral signifies its mathematical value
Denominator
- the bottom or right number in a fraction
Numerator
- the top or left number in a fraction
Least Common Denominator
- smallest possible denominator for an equivalent fraction so that two fractions can be added or subtracted and have the same denominator
Rules for Assigning Significant Figures
- Digits other than zero are always significant
- Final zeros after a decimal point are always significant
- Zeros between two other significant digits are always significant
- Zeros used only to space the decimal are never significant
Conversions
- a changing one unit of measure into another so that both amounts remain equal
Liquids
liter = L ⮞ 1 L = 10 dL = 1000 mL
deciliter = dL ⮞ 1 dL = 0.1 L = 100 mL
milliliter = mL ⮞ 1 mL = 0.001 L = 0.01 dL
Solids
kilogram = kg ⮞ 1 kg = 1000 g
gram = g ⮞ 1 g = 0.001 kg = 1000 mg
milligram = mg ⮞ 1 mg = 0.001 g = 1000 mcg
microgram = mcg or ug ⮞ 1 mcg = 0.001 mg = 0.000001 g
Avoirdupois System
pound = lb ⮞ 1 lb = 16 oz
ounce = oz ⮞ 1 oz = 437.5 gr
grain = grain ⮞ 1 gr = 64.8 mg
Apothecary System
gallon = gal ⮞ 1 gal = 4 qt
quart = qt ⮞ 1 qt = 2 pt
pint = pt ⮞ 1 pt = 16 fl oz
fluid ounce = fl oz ⮞ 1 fl oz = 8 fl oz
fluid dram = fl dr, ʒ ⮞ 1 ʒ = 60 min
minim = min or Mx
Household Units
teaspoon = tsp ⮞ 1 tsp = 5 mL
tablespoon = tbsp. ⮞ 1 tbsp. = 3 tsp = 15 mL
cup = cup ⮞ 1 cup = 8 fl oz
Temperature
F = (9/5) C + 32
C = (5/9) (F - 32)
Conversion
1 L = 33.8 fl oz 1 oz = 28.35 g
1 pt = 473.167 mL 1 g = 15.43 gr
1 fl oz = 29.57 mL 1 gr = 64.8 mg
1 kg = 2.2 lb 1 tsp = 5 mL
1 lb = 453.59 g 1 tbsp. = 15 mL
Variable
- an unknown value in a mathematical equation
Flow rate
- the rate (in mL/hour or mL/min) at which a solution is administered to a patient; also known as rate of administration
Concentration
- the strength of a solution as measured by the weight-to-volume or volume-to-volume of the substance being measured
Percents and Solutions
weight-to-volume: grams per 100 mL ⮞ g/100 mL
volume-to-volume: milliliters per 100 mL ⮞ mL/100 mL
Milliequivalent (mEQ)
- the unit of measure for electrolytes in a solution
qs ad
- the quantitiy needed to make a prescribed amount
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
- administration of all nutrients intravenously; also known as hyperalimentation
Valence
- the number of positive or negative charges on an ion
Percent Solution Formula
(x volume needed / want %) = (volume prescribed / have %)
Powder Volume
The final volume of the constituted product (FV)
The volume of the diluent (D)
The powder volume (PV)
FV = D + PV
Body Surface Area
- a measure used for dosage that is calculated from the height and weight of a person and measured in square meters
Nomogram
- a chart showing relationships between measurements
Calculation of Children's Doses
Clark's Rule
(weight of child / 150 lb) x adult dose
Young's Rule
(age of child / age + 12) x adult dose
Body Surface Area Formula
(child BSA x adult dose) / avg adult BSA
Determining Selling Prices for Prescriptions
average wholesale price (AWP) + professional fee = selling price
Gross Profit
gross profit = selling price - acquisition cost
Net Profit
Net profit = selling price - acquisition cost - dispensing fee
or
Net proft = gross profit - dispensing fee
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